SOUTH-APRICAN BUTTEEFLIES.

)5/
-83
'.3

SOUTII-AFRTCAN BUTTERFLIES:

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

EXTRA-TEOPICAL SPECIES.

EOLAND TRIMEN, F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F. Ent. S., &o.

CURATOK OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN J

ASSISTED BY

JAMES HENEY BOWKEE, F.Z.S., E.E.G.S.

COLONEL (RETIRED) IN THE CAPE SERVICE,

LATE COMMANDANT OF FRONTIER ARMED AND MOUNTED POLICE,

governor's AGENT IN BASUTOLAND,

AND CHIEF COMMISSIONER AT THE DIAMOND FIELDS OF GRIQUALAND WEST.

VOL. III.
PAPILI0NID.5<riA=^D HESPERIDA

LcmDON:
TRUBNER k CO., LUDGATE HILL.

1SS9.

\^All right s reserved.]

BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

CONTENTS.

PAGE

RHOPALOCERA

I

Family IV. — Papilionidji;

I

Sub-Family — PiERiNiE

3

„ PAPILIONINiE

191

Family V. — Hesperid/E

259

APPENDIX I. — Additional Species, recently ascertained

TO be South African . . . . -377

APPENDIX II. — Additions and Corrections . . 393

Errata . . . . . • • .419

Systematic Index to Vol. III. . . . . .423

Index ......... 427

List of Species Figured in the Plates . . .437

RHOPALOCERA.

Family IV.— PAPILIONID^.

Papilionidx, Leach, '* Samouelle's Conip., p. 234 (181 9)."

Pai)^7^■o?^^■rfes and PzmV?t's, Boiscluval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. pp. 171 and 402

(1836).
PapiUonidx, Swainson, "Phil. Mag., Scr. II. vol. i. p. 187 (1827);" and

Hist, and Nat. Arr. Ins., p. 86 (1840).
Fapilionidx, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii. p. 347 (1840).
Papilionidx and Pieridx, Douhleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. pp. i and 32

(1846-47).
Papilionidse, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1S61, p. 219.
Papilionidsemd Pieridee, Trimen, Khop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 10 and 24 (1862).

Imago. — First pair of legs in both sexes as fully developed in all
respects as the other pairs. Discoidal cell always closed in both fore
and hind wings.

Larva.— In Fierince cylindrical, tapering to each extremity, without
processes or other appendages, usually with very short pubescence : in
Papiliotmm stouter, often thickened towards anterior extremity, smooth,
or with long tubercular prominences, possessing on second (prothoracic)
segment an exsertible strongly- scented forked tentacle.

Pupa.— More or less angulated ; head singly pointed in Fierince,
bifid in Papiliojiince ; attached erectly, obliquely, or horizontally, by
the tail and by a girth round the middle.

The two Sub-Families, Fierince and Fapilionince, which compose
this Family, are readily distinguishable by the characters of the per-
fect insect. The Fierince have in the fore-ivings the first disco-cellular
nervule either obsolete or very short ; the third disco-cellular and lower
radial nervules disposed as in other butterflies; the branches of the
sub-costal nervure varying in number from three to five ; no interno-
median nervule; and the internal nervure rarely present, and then
very short and slender, and running into the submedian nervm-e : in
the Uncl-ivincjs the inner margins are convex, forming a groove or
channel beneath the abdomen, and the internal nervure is long and
strong; the precostal nervure is always simple. The palpi are of
moderate size and porrected ; the antennas have a straight club. The
legs are short, and there is no appendage to the tibia of the first pair ;
the tarsal claws are bifid, and usually provided with pulvilli and paro-
nychia. The abdomen is slender, and nearly always of moderate length
VOL. in. ^

2 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

or rather short. The Papilioninm have in the fore-ivings the first disco-
cellular nervule almost always well developed ; the third disco-cellular
nervule so disposed in relation to the median nervure that the lower
radial appears to be a fourth median nervule ; the sub -costal nervure
always five-branched (except in Parnassms and Hypermnestra, where
it is four-branched) ; the interno-median nervule present in four genera ;
and the internal nervure always present (except in Doritis), and running
to a free termination on the inner margin ; in the hind-ivings the inner
margins are concave (often folded back), leaving the abdomen perfectly
free, and the internal nervure is wanting ; the precostal nervure is
branched, and forms with the costal nervure a small prediscoidal cell
(in all but three genera). The palpi are usually very small and short,
and closely appressed to the head ; the antennse have a curved club.
The legs are long, and the fore-tibifc have on the inner side a con-
spicuous projecting appendage, while the tarsal claws are simple and
without appendages. The abdomen is thicker than usual, and enlarged
posteriorly.

The full development of the first pair of legs in both sexes, and the
median suspensory silken girth of the chrysalis, are the main charac-
ters of this Family, and together indicate a nearer relationship to the
Hctcroccra than the three preceding Families exhibit. Of its two Sub-
Families, the Papilioninm better exhibit this relationship, and in the
median appendage of their fore-tibifB show a point of afiinity to the
Hcsperidoc — the last Family of butterflies.

In numerical strength the Papilionidm stand fourtli of the five Fami-
lies, about fourteen hundred species being recorded. Of these, fhePierince
muster a large majority (about nine hundred species), and they are also
much more prolific in recognised generic forms, having thirty-nine or
forty, while the Papilionina:. have but thirteen. The latter contain, how-
ever, not only a far larger proportion of species remarkable for size,
variety of form, and splendour of colouring, but also, in the genus Onii-
tlioptera, the very princes of the butterfly world, gigantic in stature, and
of the richest and most intense hues. The Papilionince have not the
same world-wide range as the Pierina:, being mostly natives of tropical
and sub-tropical lands, and even Parnassius (alpine above all the genera)
not extending within the Arctic circle. The Picrince are mostly of the
middle size or rather smaller, and present a simple, but usually bright
and conspicuous, colouring of white, yellow, or orange, tipped or bor-
dered in many cases with black ; some of the tropical and sub-tropical
forms are, however, more variegated, and Tcracolus and Anthocharis in
most cases present a brilliant patch of orange, red, crimson, or violet
at the tips of the fore-wings.

The larvfB of the two Sub-Families (as indicated above) differ con-
siderably, the robuster caterpillar of the Pap)ilioninc€ alone possessing
the strongly-scented extrusible forked tentacle on the back of the
second semient.

riERIN.E. 3

In South Africa the Fapilionidce are not very extensively repre-
sented; the known Picrincc numbering nine genera and sixty-one
species, and the Papilioninx one genus containing fifteen species. As
compared with the Ethiopian region generally, this number falls short
of only one genus (Larinopoda in PierincG) ; but it is very much scantier
in species, the region yielding about a hundred and forty Ficrince and
sixty- two Papilionincc.

Many of the most perfect cases of mimicry of butterflies of other
tribes occm- in this Family, as well as a certain number within the
limits of the Family, Sub-Family, or even Genus itself. These will be
found more particularly referred to under the several subdivisions and
species concerned.

Sub-Family i.— PIERINtE.

Pievime, Colianse, and Licinianse,, Swainson, Cab. Cyc, Hist, and Nat. Arr.

Ins., pp. 88, 89 (1840).
Pierides, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 402 (1S36).
Pieridie, Dup., " Cat. Lep. Fr., p. 23 (1846)."
Pieridee, Doubl, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 32 (1847).
Pieridx, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 24 (1862).
Pierinee, Bates, Journ. Ent., 1864, p. 177.
Pierinse, Butl. (Revision), Cist. Ent., i. p. 33 (1870).

I.MAGO. — Ecad small or of moderate size, sometimes rather broad,
always more or less hairy, and usually densely so clothed ; eyes round,
prominent, smooth ; haustdlum (maxillcc) long ; ^^d/^n compressed,
rather short, usually with rather bristly hair beneath, but sometimes
Avith lengthened scales, — basal joint much developed, never shorter,
and usually twice (sometimes thrice) as long as the second one, — ter-
minal joint always small, seldom as long as the second, and frequently
minute ; ayitcnnce usually of moderate length (very long in the genera
Lcptalis and Euterpe), with an elongate-ovate club, but in many cases
shorter and thicker, with a very gradually-formed blunt or truncate club.

Thorax usually not large (in Leptalis, leucojjJiasia, Terias, and
Pontia very short and slender), but moderately robust in some genera
(Callidryas, Goncpteryx, Hehomoia, &c.), often with long dense silky
hair above. Wings large (the hind-wings mostly larger in proportion
to the fore-wings than in other groups, — in some species of LcpUdis
actually twice as large as the fore-wings), usually of moderate thick-
ness, but in the slender-bodied genera very thin, and in the stout-
bodied ones of considerable thickness ; discoidal cell always closed (in
Leucophasia extremely short). Fore-winys apically rather prominent,
sometimes sub-acuminate, rarely (Gonepteryx) shortly and ax3utely fal-
cate : subcostal nervure 3- 5 -branched,— the first ner\'ule (occasionally
uniting with costal nervm-e) always (except in Leptalis and Leucophasia)
—and the second one very frequently— given ofF before extremity of

4 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

discoiclal cell ; first disco-cellular nervule almost always wanting, the
upper radial springing from subcostal nervure beyond (or sometimes just
at) extremity of cell ; internal nervure rarely developed (Callidryas,
Hehomoia, Goneptenjx), and then very short and slender, running into
submedian nervure. Hind-wings rounded, very rarely {Gonepteryx)
angulated on first or second median nervule, or (a few species of Gcd-
lidryas) produced into a long blunt projection at anal angle : costa
usually much arched, and very prominent basally ; hind-margin some-
times slightly or moderately dentate ; inner margins convex, and form-
ing a more or less complete groove under abdomen ; radial nervule
almost always originating nearer to subcostal than to median nervure ;
internal nervure always well-developed and often long. Legs rather
short (except in Leptalis), usually slender, almost hairless except at base
of femora beneath ; tibiee short, the terminal spurs of the middle and
hind pairs very small ; tarsi long, especially their first joint, and with
bifid terminal claws.

AMomen slender, arched, usually of moderate leugih or rather
short (long in Lc2icophasia, and in Leptalis extending beyond hind-
wings). '

Larva. — Elongate, cylindrical, without segmental constriction,
somewhat tapering anteriorly and posteriorly, without spines or other
appendages, clothed with a more or less developed very short pubes-
cence, rarely with longer hairs.

Pupa. — Rather elongate, usually with a more or less prominent
median dorsal ridge (higher on thorax), and with the thorax and base
of abdomen laterally angulated ; often much curved backward, and
with wing-covers forming a very convex ridge upon breast ; head with
a single acute projection in front directed forward.

The affinity of this Sub-Familly to the Paiyilioninm is clearly shown
by the perfect condition of the first pair of legs, and the general form
and silken girth of the chrysalis ; but it differs widely in the neuration
of the fore-wings, the form of antennte and palpi, the convex (instead
of concave) inner margin of the hind-wings, the absence of any middle
spur or process on the tibia3 of the first pair of legs, the form of the
caterpillar, and the single-pointed (instead of bifid) head of the chry-
salis. Doubleday {op. cit.) pointed out that some Pierincc approached
very near to the Lycanidcc, instancing specially the genus Terias ;
and Mr. Butler has described and figured as one of the Fierince, Larino-
poda lycceno'idcs, a very curious West-African butterfly, which, with
a general resemblance to Pontia, appears structurally to be in some
respects intermediate between Eronia and the Lyc^nide genus Dclo-
ne/iira} I have above (vol. ii. pp. 225, 227, and 234) called attention
to the relation to the Fierince shown by the perfect fore-legs in both

1 Mr. W. F. Kirby (lihop. Exot., Pt. ii., Oct. 1SS7) states that Larinopoda is now more
correctly referred, both by Mr. Butler and others, to the Lyccmidce, being nearly related
to Liptena and allies.

PIERIN^. 5

sexes of the Lycteuide genera T)doneura (apparently), Arrvgia, and
Laclinocncma ; and I understand that similar structure has been found
in some American Lyccenidc€.

Many of the most familiar forms among butterflies belong to the
Picrincv, such as the European " Garden Whites" {Pieris), " Orange-
Tips" (Anihocharis), " Brimstones" {Gonepterrjx), and " Clouded Yel-
lows " (Colias), and throughout the globe members of this Sub-Family
are conspicuous by their abundance, activity, and prevalent tints of
white or yellow. For by far the greater part they are insects of
medium size, many being rather under than over it — such as the
genera Terias, Pontia, Leucophasia, Anthocharis, and P/odina. The
American genus Nathalis contains only two or three very small species,
and some kinds of Terias expand only i^ inches, but the dwarfs
of the tribe are the South-American species of Leucidia (closely allied
to Terias), which are less than an inch across the wings. The largest
known Pierina; {Helomoia in the Oriental Region and Amynthia in
the Neo-Tropical) do not expand above 4 inches.

As Mr. A. R. Wallace has shown in his excellent memoir " On
the Pieridce of the Indian and Australian Regions," -^ this Sub-Family
is specially noticeable for its general and uniform distribution over
the earth, species of it being met with in all latitudes and at all
elevations, and in every kind of station, whether forest-clad or open,
sheltered or exposed. These butterflies are nevertheless far more
numerous and varied in tropical countries, and most of the large and
more richly-coloured forms are sylvan in their haunts. The extensive
Indian and Australian genus Tliyca affords a striking instance, its
numerous members being conspicuous for brilliant red and yellow
markings on a dark ground, the under side of their wings being usually
more highly ornamented than the upper side.

As a rule, there is much disparity between the sexes, both as
regards colouring and marking. Except in the few cases where the
$ only directly mimics other butterflies, by far the greater diver-
gence from the ordinary plain type of the Sub-Family is shown by the
^s; and the latter also sometimes possess special sexual badges, viz.,
a serrated costa in the fore-wings (Prioyieris and Callidryas), and patches
of elevated scales and brushes of silky hair on the wings (both in
Callidryas, and the former to a slight extent in Colias).

The Ethiopian Region is not rich in Picrinm ; out of a roll of some
forty genera and nine hundred species, it possesses but nine genera
and about a hundred and forty species. Of these, only two genera,
Mylothris and Hcrpoinia, are peculiar to the region, but the species
are nearly all confined to it. South Africa has yielded representatives
of all the genera and sixty-one species, viz., Pontia, i sp., Terias 7,
Mylothris 3, Pieris 14, Herpienia i, Tcracolus 29, Colias i, Eronia 4,
and Ccdlidryas i.

^ Trans. Knt. Soc. Load., 3rd Series, vol. iv. p. 301 (1S67).

6 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Tlie gregarious and onTvard-flying habits of the Pierinm are well
known, and reach their climax in the genus Callidryas (see infra,
p. 185, and vol. i. p. 31), whose species have exceptional powers of
flight, well indicated by their large, solid thorax and thick, strongly-
veined wings.

Mimicry is strikingly exhibited in this Sub-Family, and it was mainly
the study of the deceptively exact imitation of various South-Ameri-
can Danaince by species of the Pierine genus Lcptalis that enabled Mr.
Bates to give to science the satisfactory explanation of the phenome-
non to which I have adverted in vol. i. pp. 35—36. The $ s of Perrhyhris,
a genus very closely allied to Fieris, and a species of Eiderjje, also
mimic various Danaince; and one of the latter genus (^E. Tereas) closely
imitates the $ Papilio Zacynthus. Mr. Wallace, in the paper above
cited, commented on the imitation by the ^ s of various Malayan species
of Eronia of the common kinds of Danais in the same region, and
further brought to notice that mimicry occurred within the limits of
the Pierince themselves, specifying several cases in which the slow-flying
and showy species of Thyca are simulated by species of the genera
Prioneris and Picris.

I am able to adduce two similar cases in South Africa, where the
slow-flying Mylothris Agathina is nearly copied by both sexes of Picris
Thy 8a and by the female of Eronia Argia ; while in Western Africa
Mylothris Poppca (Cram.) is the model followed by Pieris Rhodope (Fab.).

The genus which is by far the best developed in South Africa is
Teracolus, white or yellow butterflies with a patch of bright colour —
orange, red, crimson, or violet — at the tip of the fore- wings. I have
discussed at length {infra, p. 82) the various groups of this large and
most difficult genus, which contains some of the most beautiful of all
the Pierince.

Seasonal dimorphism — or palpable difference between the earlier
and later broods of the same species — has been shown to occur in the
well-known cases of Pieris Napi (Linn.), of which P. Bryonice (Ochs.)
is the early or " winter " form, and Anthocharis Ausonia (Hlibn.), of
which A. Bella (Cram.) is the " winter " brood. The progress of
observation of the life-history of butterflies has of late years gone to
show that instances of this kind of dimoriDhism are not, as was sup-
posed, limited to countries where a severe winter prevails, but occur
(and are probably more numerous) in tropical and sub-tropical regions
where the climate is divided into wet and dry seasons.-^ Three cases
in South Africa certainly exist, viz., those of Picris Charina, Boisd.,
P. Thysa, Hopff., and P. Sevcri7ia (Cram.), in each of which the winter
or dry-season brood on the South-East coast is considerably smaller,
and in the two latter with enlarged black markings. Probable cases
are that Pieris alha (Wallengr.) is the dry-season brood of P. Pigca,

^ See Mr. L. de Nic^ville's paper on Calcutta Satyrincv in the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, vol. Iv. p. 239 (1886).

PIERINiE. 7

Boisd., P. Ahi/ssinica, Lucas, the same of F. Gidica, Godt., and Tera-
colus Johina, Butl., the same of T. speciosa (Wallengr.), as, in each
case, the smaller form appears only in the dry season and the larger
one only in the wet season. These latter cases can only be proved by
careful breeding from the eggs of one or both forms ; at present, we
have only the recorded dates of capture (and far too few of them) to
go upon. When really systematic and extensive rearing of successive
generations from the ova shall have been fully carried out and recorded
by competent lepidopterists, it cannot be doubted that a great and
most instructive rectification of our so-called " species " will ensue,
not only in this Sub-Family, but throughout the Order.

Genus PONTIA.

Po7itia (Fab., 1S07, — part.), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 430 (1836).
Pontia, Doubl., Gen, Diurii. Lep., i. p. 40 (1847); Trim., Rhop. Afr.

Aust., i. p. 25 (1862).
Nijchitona, J^\xi\., Cist. Ent., i. p. 41 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 117

(1881).
Lepiosia (Hiibn., 1S16,— part), Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 287 (1882-86).

Imago. — IFead wide, clothed above and in front with rather rough
short hair ; eyes large, smooth ; 2?ft^^^* short, acute, the tij)s far apart,
— only terminal joint porrected, the others appressed to the face and
clothed inferiorly with long hairs ; antennm of moderate length, rather
thick, with a gradually-formed but well-marked fusiform club.

Thorax very small and short, narrower than head, clothed with
scales and short hairs ; prothoras forming a marked neck. Fore-
wings elongate, with costa much arched, apex very rounded, and hind-
margin convex ; costal nervure terminating at about two-thirds length
of wing ; subcostal nervure three-branched, the first nervule emitted
far (about one-third), the second a little before extremity of discoidal
cell ; upper radial united to third subcostal nervule at some distance
beyond, lower radial at extremity of cell ; lower disco-cellular nervule
long, strongly curved inwardly, joining third median nervule at a pro-
nounced angle ; discoidal cell rather broad, and three-fifths the length
of wing ; submedian nervure curved downward near base. Rind-^uings
rather bluntly obovate ; costa very slightly curved beyond basal lobe ;
apex somewhat pronounced ; hind-margin very convex ; anal angle
rounded ; inner margin convex at base only, so that no channel or
groove is formed beneath abdomen ; costal nervure ending on costa not
far beyond middle ; subcostal nervules much curved, especially upper
one, which is emitted a full third before extremity of discoidal cell ;
upper disco-cellular extremely short (so that radial nervule appears
almost to spring from second subcostal), lower one long, angulated,
oblique ; discoidal cell about half length of wing ; internal nervure
strongly bent downward, terminating at a little beyond middle. Legs

8 SOUTH-AFRICAI^ BUTTERFLIES.

of moderate length, slender, clothed with scales ; tibige slightly, tarsi
very bristly ; terminal spurs of middle and hind tibire very small.

Abdomen very slender, elongate, arched, laterally compressed.

This is a very well-marked genus, containing a few closely-allied
species, and having a very wide range over the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of the Old World, from Western Africa to North- Western
Australia. Its extreme sleuderness of structure, long abdomen, and
contour of wings give it a strong resemblance to the Palaearctic genus
Leucoijhasia — which it also resembles in its plain white livery, some-
times blackish-tipped in the fore-wings — but it is widely different in
neuration, having only two instead of five subcostal nervules in the
fore-wings, and very large instead of extremely small discoidal cells.
On the whole, Pontia appears to be most nearly related to the small
Australian genus Elodina, Felder, which presents very similar neura-
tion as well as colouring, but has the apex of the fore- wings pointed,
and the first subcostal nervule of the hind-wings originating near the
extremity of the discoidal cell. Next to Modina, the genus Terias
comes nearest to Pontia.

In habits the Pontia: greatly resemble the European LcucophasicB.
They frequent wooded places and flit feebly about bushes and herbage,
preferring shade to sunshine.

Besides P. Alccsta (Cram.), which is the only s^^ecies known to
occur in South Africa, the Ethiopian Region yields P. Medusa (Oram.),^
a larger form from the Gold Coast with greenish under-side markings,
and two from Madagascar— one of which (P. sylvicola, Boisd.) is
exceedingly close to Alcesta, while the other (of a singularly pure
white) appears to be undescribed.

239. (1.) Pontia Alcesta, (Cramer).

Painlio Alcesta, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. ccclxxix. f. a (17S2).

Painlio Narica, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 187, n. 578 (1793).

Pontia Narica, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 432, 11. 3 (1836); App. Voy.

Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 586 (1847).
Pontia Alcesta, ^^^ii\\avn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Hand]., 1857; Lep. Rhop.

Cafifr., p. 6.
Pontia Alcesta, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 26, u. 12 (1862).
5j M Hopff., Peters' Raise Mossamb., Ins., p. 349.

Plate X. fig. i ($).

Exp. al, I in. 5-9 lin.

Pure-white ; forc-ioing until a Uackish apical border and a blackish
discal sp)ot. Fore-wing : costal margin irregularly hatched and speckled
with blackish to about middle, and sometimes very sparsely speckled
beyond middle ; apical border moderately wide at apex, but attenuated
to a point at its commencement on costa at extremity of first sub-
costal nervure, and similarly at its hind-marginal termination (which

^ PajJ. ExoL, ii. pi. cl. fig. F (1779).

PIERIN^. 9

is usually a little above the extremity of third median nervule, but
sometimes below it) ; inner edge of apical border irregularly excavate
above and below upper radial nervule ; rarely a minute blackish spot at
extremity of second median nervule, and occasionally another on inter-
nervular fold below it ; discal spot rather large, sub-reniform, not far
from hind-margin, its lower extremity on second median nervule and
its upper one rather above third median nervule ; circumference of this
spot not sharply defined, but somewhat suffused. Himl-iuing : without
marking, except on hind-marginal edge, where there is a series of
minute inter-nervular blackish linear marks (sometimes all but imper-
ceptible), and occasionally traces of a series of similar minute marks
at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Hind-ioing and 7iarroiu
costal, apical, and hind-onarginal border of fore-tvinj more or less faintly
tinged with straw-yclloic, and sparsely liatched or frccUcd with short,
thin, fuscous lineolce. Fore-wing : fuscous lineol^e extend below costal
border, more especially near base, where they cover about a third of
discoidal cell as far as median nervure ; discal spot somewhat smaller
and fainter than on upper side ; along hind-marginal edge a series of
minute but very distinct inter-nervular blackish spots, of which between
first median nervule and submedian nervure there are two. Hincl-
w-ing : lineol^ pretty evenly distributed, but sparse generally beyond
middle ; about middle, and about midway between middle and hind-
margin, the lineote tend more or less prominently to group themselves
into two nearly straight and almost parallel obliquely transverse striaa, of
which the outer is much more pronounced ; a series of inter-ner\nilar
hind-marginal spots, quite as in fore-wing, but slightly larger.

The sexes do not differ except in size, and in the $ having a rather broader
apical border on the upper side of the fore-wing, and the under side usually
paler in tint and less freckled.

A dwarf $ , taken near Pinetown, in Natal, by Colonel Bowker, expands
only I in. 2^ lin. In another $ , from the same locality, the discal blackish
spot is on the upper side of the fore-wings much reduced, and on the under
side obsolescent.

I do not think that the Narica of Fabricius, in which the apical blackish
tip of the fore-wing is wanting, or almost wanting, is separable from Alcesta;'^
the four specimens from West Africa (Ashanti, Gold Coast) which I examined
in the British Museum do not in other respects exhibit any special feature,
except in the rather closer freckling of the under side of the hind-wing. I
find that South-African specimens of Alcesta almost always exhibit a smaller
but better-defined discal spot on the fore-wings, and a yellower tinge on the
under side of the hind-wings and border of the fore-wings than are found in
recognised "West- African examples of the species. iS'o South-African individual
has come under my notice in which there was any failure of the apical fuscous
border of the fore-wings.

Alcesta, as found in Xatal, Zululand, Delagoa Bay, and Querimba, and also
in Western Africa, is very near Xiphia, Fab., inhabiting India, Ceylon, and
part of the Indian Archipelago, but is distinguishable by having both the

^ Cramer's very rough figure of the upper side apparently represents a <J with scarcely
any apical border in the fore-wings. He notes the under side as wholly white, and gives the
Guinea Coast as habitat.

lo SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Llackisli markings of the fore-wings smaller and not so dark, and the freckling
of the under side less dense. The very closely-allied Sylvicola, Boisd. (of which
Nupta, Butler, must, I think, be considered as a variation only), from Mada-
gascar, may be separated from Alcesia by the comparative or almost complete
failure of the discal spot, and by the duller, narrower, inwardly more suffused
apical border,^

Although I was on the look-out for this butterfly when visiting Natal in the
summer of 1867, I found it only on three occasions, frequenting the borders of
woods on the coast, at the Umgeni and near Verulam. It has very much the
liight and habits of the European Leucophasia, flitting slowly and feebly about
the herbage in shady spots. Colonel Bowker has forwarded a good many
examples, taken near D'Urban and Pinetown in March, April, and May ; the
few examples that I met with were on the wing at the end of February and the
end of March. 2

Mr. Druce notes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, P- 4^4) ^^^^^t the specimens
of this butterfly brought from Angola by the late Mr. J. J. Monteiro were
very small.

Localities of Pontia Alcesta.
I. South Africa.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Pinetown ( /. H. BowJier).

F. Zululand.— -St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {llrs. Monteiro).^

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — "Angola {J. J. Monteiro)." — Druce. Congo

and Loango (Chinchoxo). — Coll. Brit. Mus.

b. Eastern Coast. — Querimba. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Tchouaka {Raf-

fray)." — Oberthilr.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Gold Coast (Accra and Ashanti) and Sierra
Leon.— Coll. Brit. Mus. "Lower Niger (W. A. Forbes)."—
Godman and Salvin.

Genus TERIAS.

Terias, Swainson, Zool. Illustr., i. text to pi. 22 (1820-21).
Xanthidia, Boisduval, " Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 48 (1833)."
Terias, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 651 (1836).

„ Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 76 (1847).

,, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 75 (1862).

,, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 44 (1870), and (Revision) Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 187 1, p. 526.

,, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 118 (1881).

„ Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 302 (1882-86).

Imago. — Head small, clothed densely with short hair ; eyes smooth,
globose, large ; 2^alpi very short, slender, scarcely projecting beyond

1 There is another form in Madagascar, of which two i s and a ? are in the South-
African Museum, presented by Mr. E. L. Layard, who captured them, I believe, on the
N.W. coast. It is of a singularly pure white, with the apical fuscous much reduced (espe-
cially in the two S s), but the discal spot almost as large and rounded as in Xiphia, and with
the under side all but pure white, and its frecklings very faint and sparse.

^ Two D'Urban examples, forwarded by Mr. A. D. Millar, are dated 17th September
1S87.

PIERINiE. 1 1

forehead, compressed, clothed beneath with closely-appressed scaly
hairs, — terminal joint very small, blunt, scaly ; anicnncc rather short
and thick, with an elongate, very gradually formed, depressed club,
blunt at the tip.

Thorax very short, slender, clothed with scales and short hair.
Wings large and thin : forc-%vings rather elongate, more or less trun-
cate ; costa strongly arched at base, but thence only slightly so ; apex
usually rounded or moderately pronounced, sometimes acuminate ; hind-
margin more or less convex ; posterior angle usually well-marked, but
sometimes rounded ; inner margin slightly concave about middle ; costal
nervure much thicker than the others, ending at or a little beyond
middle ; four subcostal nervules, — the first originating about one-third,
the second only a little, before extremity of discoidal cell, — the third
and fourth forking at some distance beyond cell, not quite half-way
to apex ; upper radial nervule united to subcostal nervure about
midway between end of cell and third subcostal nervule, — lower one
originating at junction of disco -cellular nervules, of which the upper is
shorter and less curved inwardly than the lower ; discoidal cell rather
broad, terminating somewhat truncately about middle. Hind-wings
bluntly obovate, but sometimes with hind-margin sub-angulated at ex-
tremity of second median nervule ; costa more or less strongly arched
from base ; anal angle mostly rather marked ; inner margin moderately
convex, so as to form a pretty complete but wide and shallow groove
for abdomen ; pre-costal nervure much atrophied, scarcely traceable ;
costal ner\Tire arched, ending beyond middle (sometimes not very far
before apex) ; first subcostal nervule arched, given off just before extre-
mity of discoidal cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule rather short, almost
straight — lower one fully twice as long and obliquely angulated ; dis-
coidal cell rather short, but widening outwardly, terminating truncately
before middle. Legs slender, scaly ; fore and middle femora longer,
hind-femora much shorter, than tibiae ; terminal tibial spurs minute ;
all tarsi longer than respective tibiee, and thickly spinulose.

Aldomcn slender, elongate (not quite as long as inner margin of
hind-wings), much compressed laterally, slightly arched.

Larva. — Of the ordinary Pierine form, towards extremities only
slightly attenuated ; clothed with a very short pubescence.

Pupa. — Slender, laterally compressed, much attenuated and sharply
pointed at extremities ; wing-covers very prominent ventrally, laterally
flattened into a very convex keel.

These characters of larva and pupa are from figures of the early
stages of T. Hccdbe, (Linn.), in Horsefield and Moore's Catalogue of
LepidoptcroiLs Insects in the Museum of the H. E. India Company
(1857), pi. i. ff. II, 1 1«, and in Moore's Lejpidoptera of Ceylon, 1881,
pi. 45, f. ic. ; and (as regards the pupa only) from a figure of (pre-
sumably) a Japanese species given by Mr. A. G. Butler on p]. vi. of the
Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. for 1880, and the chrysalis skin of a Cape

12 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

specimen of T. Brigitta, (Cram.). Tlie Cingalese larva of Eccabe is
depicted as pale yellowish-green with a dark-brown head, and the pupa
as dark purplish-brown. The larv£e of this genus are stated by Double-
day {Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 78) and Thwaites {Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 119) to
feed on Leguminosm.

Tcrias is a very extensive genus of closely-allied forms, occurring
throughout the tropical and sub-tropical zones of both hemisjDheres, and
in America extending as far northward as Virginia and Pennsylvania in
the United States. It finds, however, by far its largest development in
America (South and Central), whence about half the recorded species
have been received ; and in the second place comes the Indian region,
yielding some thirty species. The Australian and African regions seem
about equally poor in comparison, some twelve forms being known to
inhabit each of them. I recognise seven forms as natives of South
Africa, but am very doubtful as to the actual limits which can be
defined as separating them in the " sjoecies " sense.

The difficulty of dealing satisfactorily with the numerous forms of
Tcrias is admitted by all lepidopterists, and has been the subject of
comment by E. Doubleday (op. cit.), Bates' {Journ. of Eat., 1861, p.
245), Butler {loc. cit., and Ann. and Ifag. Nat. Hist., 1 886, p. 21 2), and
Distant {op. cit.). Bates has pointed out the extreme similarity of
certain forms inhabiting such widely separated countries as St. Domingo
(West Indies) and the Malayan Archipelago ; and as regards variation
in one and the same locality, Butler {Trans. Ent. Sac. Loncl., 1880, p.
197, pi. vi.) has described and figured a series of seventeen (selected
from no less than i 54) examples taken at Nikko in Japan, exhibiting
every gradation, "from the most heavily-bordered of the Japanese
representative of T. Hccabe to the palest T. Mandarina, in which the
border has practically disappeared." In connection wdth this remark-
able case, it is most interesting to note that the late Mr. H. Fryer has
recorded {op. cit., 1882, p. 488) his having bred in Japan from eggs
laid by Mandarina all the broader-bordered variations (11) figured by
Butler, and also his having personally observed that 3Iandarinct and
the narrows-bordered variations that approach it are merely the autumnal
brood of the same butterfly. Butler inclined to attribute this exces-
sive variation to the crossing of various races of Tcrias,^ but Mr.
Fryer's experience certainly seems to show that it is a case of seasonal
dimorphism in a transitional condition.

The butterflies of this genus are all below the medium size, and
some of them very small ; their normal colouring and pattern are very
simple, consisting of some tint of yellow or orange (a few species are
white), with a black border that is sometimes confined to the fore-wings.
This black border altogether disappears in some forms, while in many
it is very broad in the fore-wings. Several species, both in the Old

^ A case of a i T. Zoi' having been cajitured in copula with a 9 T. Br'ujitta, is noted
below, p. 1 6.

riERIN/E.

13

and New Worlds, are further ornamented by a black stripe along the
inner margin of the fore-wings (like the corresponding marking so
prevalent in many females and some males of the genus Teracohis),
and in the pretty American group repi-esented by T. Delia and T.
Mathca, Cram., this stripe is in the $ edged with orange on the
inner margin itself.

These insects are for the most part of weak flight, and keep near
the herbage, but those of them that are more partial to open ground
are moderately active on the wing, and have the Pierine habit of flpng
onward instead of keeping about one spot. Doubleday {op, cit., p. 78)
observes that T. Nicippc (Cram.) — which in colouring and pattern
strongly resembles one of the deeper-tinted species of Colias — in the
United States flew abundantly in clover-fields in company with Col.
Philodice and Col. {Mcganostoma) Ccesonia, and that in flight it was
more like those swift butterflies than its own congeners.

The South- African forms are all yellow, with more or less developed
black borders ; the males having the ground-colour bright gamboge
or chrome and the border deep black, while the females are of a paler,
more sulphur tint, with the border more dusky. Three groups are
typically represented by Tcrias Brigitta (Cram.), T. floricola, Boisd.,
and T. Besjardinsii, Boisd. : with the first is associated T. Zoe, Hopfi". ;
with the second T. ^-iEthiopica, mihi { = Scncgalcnsis, Geyer, ncc Boisd.),
and T. Butlcri, mihi ; and with the third T. regularis, Butl.

The Brigitta group has the fore-wing border very broad, and the
hind-wing one much narrower, or even (in the $) reduced to small
nervular spots ; the upper side of the $ is more or less irrorated basally
with fuscous scales : the under side of both sexes is also faintly irrorated,
the hind-wing being feebly marked with some transverse dusky streaks.

The Floricola group (not separable from the Indian T. Hecale
(Linn.), group) has the fore-wing border broad or very broad hind-mar-
ginally and more or less deeply bi-excavated or bi-sinuated on its inner
edge, and the hind-wing border very narrow, or represented only by
small spots or even dots ; the upper side of the $ is not irrorated • the
under side of both sexes is free from irroration, and its markino-s
usually much more distinct, dentated irregularly, and ferruo-inous
there being commonly a conspicuous patch of the latter colour close to
the apex of the fore-wings.

The Desjardinsii group has the fore-wing border moderately broad,
narrow, or very narrow, with its inner edge more as in the Brigitta
group, and the hind-wing border varying from narrow to purely macu-
lar ; the under-side markings are intermediate in character between
those of the two foregoing groups respectively; the hind- wings are
bluntly angulated at extremity of second median nervule.^

1 The allied forms from Central and South America separated from Terias by Mr. Butler
in 1870, under the generic title of Spluenogona, present a sharp angle or even prominent
caudate projection at the same point of the hind-wings.

14 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

The species inhabiting South Africa are prevalent on the eastern
side, and three of them, viz., Biigitta, Zoii, and Regidaris, penetrate as
far as the western central districts of the Cape Colony, but are scarce
there.

240. (1.) Terias Brigitta, (Cramer).

$ Papilio Brigitta, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccxxxi. ff. b, c (1782).
Pieris Brigitta, Godt , Ent. Metli., ix. p. 135, n. 53 {1819).
1$ 5 Terias Brigitta, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 676, n. 38 (1836).

„ ,, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 80, n. 52 (1862).

Terias Rahel, Hopff. [part], Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 368 (1862).
$ Terias Candace, Fekl., Reise d. j^ovara, Lep., ii. p. 213, n. 228

(1865).
$ (as $) Terias Brigitta, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 16 (1884).

Ex2^. cd., ($) I in. 5^-7 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-9 lin.

^ Bright gamhoge-7/ellow ; fore-iving with a broad black border,
hind-u'ing ivith a very narroiu one, both dentate internally on ncrvides.
Fore-wing : base very narrowly speckled with blackish ; on costa close
to base some blackish speckling, soon giving place to a narrow costal
black border, which extends to about middle and thence rapidly widens,
to become very broad apically, whence it gradually narrows along hind-
margin to posterior angle ; hind-marginal ly this border is more or
less completely interrupted, between first median nervule and sub-
median nervure, by the yellow ground-colour ; the yellow interrupt-
ing streak more or less obscured with blackish specks ; on costal edge,
near apex, three minute pale-yellowish inter-nervular marks indenting
the black border. Hind-wing : hind-marginal narrow border com-
mencing very faintly at extremity of costal nervure, widening about
extremity of second subcostal nervule, and thence narrowing to a point
at extremity of first median nervule (in one specimen this border is
extremely narrow, and becomes merely macular on the nervules in its
lower portion) ; inner margin as far as submedian nervure bordered
with pale sulphur-yellowish ; costa also narrowly edged with that
tint ; base very narrowly and (usually) faintly speckled with blackish.
Cilia yellow, irregularly tinged with reddish (especially in fore- wing).
Under side. — Rather dullish faU-ycllow^ with the hind-toing {chiefly
marginally) and apical border of fore-wing more or less tinged ivith
creamy-reddish, for the most part very minutely speckled with fuscous
atoms. Fore-wing : a very faint, slender, terminal disco-cellular striola,
more or less interrupted in its middle portion ; a faint (sometimes
obsolete), transverse, short, sub-apical reddish-grey streak, from near
costa to below second radial nervule. Hind-wi7ig : a minute fuscous
spot close to base below costal nervure ; a transverse row of three
rather larger reddish-grey spots near base, of which the middle one is
in discoidal cell ; a double very slender terminal disco- cellular striola,
more distinct and reddish than that of fore-wing ; beyond middle,

PIERIN.E.

15

threo obliquely-transverse rather irregular reddish-grey streaks, — of
which the first is short, just beyond middle, from costal nervure to
first subcostal nervule, — the second, at some distance beyond middle,
rather broad, from first subcostal nervule to submedian ner\nire, but
very widely interrupted from third to first median nervules, — and the
third, considerably beyond the second, short, dentate on median ner-
vules. On hind-mai'gin of both wings a series of minute black spots
marks the extremities of the nervules.

^ Much 'paler, inclining to sulphur-yclloiv ; llach hordcr not so dark
and more restricted in fore-iuing and wanting in hind-iving. Fore-
wing : costa rather faintly irrorated with dusky atoms from base to a
point about one-third of its length ; black border apically as broad
as in ^, its internal edge less regularly excavated, its costal commence-
ment much more attenuated and farther from base, and its hind-mar-
ginal termination very abrupt on first median nervule ; small yellow
inter-nervular costal streaks better marked ; rarely the hind-marginal
border is interrupted by a yellow streak on second median nervule ; a
small (usually minute) black spot at extremity of submedian ner\n.ire.
Hind-wing : a hind-marginal series of very small (sometimes minute,
and more rarely towards apex of moderate size) black spots, at extre-
mity of each nervule as far as first median. Under side. — Hind-wing
and costal-apical border of fore-wing of an uniform dull pale rufous-
creamy, varying in depth of tint, its minute fuscous speckling more
general than in ^ ; markings usually duller and fainter than in $,
sometimes very indistinct. The $ exhibits much variation in the tint
of the under side, some examples being of quite a pallid cream-colour
with only a slight reddish tinge, while in others the rufous colour is
very pronounced,

]\rr. Butler has recently {Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1886, p. 214)
expressed the opinion that Brigitta is the Southern representative of Candace,
Feld., from Abyssinia. An examination of the S and $ of the latter in the
British Museum has convinced me tliat the two are identical, Candace being
simply rather more faintly marked and less reddish on the under side than
usual.

Among its South-African congeners, T. Brigitta is distinguished in both
sexes, but more especially in the female, by tlw p-evalent reddish tint of the
tinder side, as ivell as of the cilia both above and below.'^ In this respect it
appears to approach T. llerla, Macl., from Northern Australia, but I have not
seen the latter species, and can only judge by the published descriptions of it.
Apart from the peculiarity mentioned, Brigitta differs in the following parti-
culars from its close ally, T. Zoe, Hopff., viz. : — {^ ) Ground-colour a deeper,
warmer yellow ; black border of fore-wing narrower costally and at posterior
angle — above which it is usually narrowly interrupted ; border of hind-wing
much narrower, and becoming more or less submacular and obsolete towards
anal angle ; ( ? ) ground-colour a deeper, richer yellow, without fine dusky

^ I think it not unlikely that Terias ScruH, Westw. (App. Oates's Matabeleland, &c., p.
342, 1881), is a variation of the ? Brigitta, in which the under-side markings are obsolete ;
these markings being very faint in many examples of Brigitta, and in one specimen from
Delagoa Bay (unusually red beneatli) almost imperceptible.

1 6 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

irroration except on basal third of costa ; black border of fore-wiug darker, and
of hind-wing altogether wanting or feebly represented by some hind-marginal
spots. The close affinity of the two forms is nevertheless very apparent, and
is illustrated by the circumstance of the capture in copuld of a (J Zoe and a
^ Brigitta, in April 1863, by Colonel Bowker, while collecting in Kaflfraria
Proper.

I was surprised not to meet with this Terias while collecting in Natal in
1867 ; it is evidently not uncommon there in most seasons. My correspondents
in different parts of Eastern South Africa have noted nothing characteristic in
the habits or haunts of Brigitta, but I have observed that the 5 is much oftener
forwarded than the $ .

Mr. D'Urban found both sexes at King William's Town, and noted the
abundance of the butterfly in February and April 1861. Colonel Bowker met
with the 5 in the same locality on May i, 1874.

Localities of Terias Brigitta.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Yan Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E.

G. Alston).
h. Eastern Districts. — King William's Town (TF. S. M. U Urban

and J.^ H. Boiolcer). Orange River, near Aliwal North (/, H,

Bowker).
c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. H. Bnwlier).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth, Tsomo River, and Bashee River

(/. H. Boivker).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (J. H. Boivker and M. J. IPKen).
h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. M. Hutchinson).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).

G. Swaziland (the late E. C. Buxton ; photogr.).

H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren§o Marques [Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Marico River {F.
C. Selous). Eureka, near Barberton (C. F. Palmer).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (C J. Anderson). " Angola {J. J.
Monteiro)." — Druce. " Congo : Kinsembo {H. Ansell)." — Butler.
bi. Eastern Interior. — Mashunaland (F. C. Selous).
bb. Madagascar.— Coll. Brit. Mus. (1886).

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — "Lower Niger (W. A. Forbes)." — Godman and

Salvin. Gold Coast (F. Bourke). " Senegal."— Boisd.

b. Eastern Coast. — Abyssinia : " Massaouah {Raffray)." — Oberthiir.

" South Abyssinia {Zaiider)." — Felder.

241. (2.) Terias Zoe, Hopffer.

$ Eurema lyulcliella, Geyer, Forts. Hiibn. Ziitr. Exot. Schmett., p. 8, ff.

815-816 (1837).
9 Terias Zoe, Hopif., " Monatsb. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berl., 1855, p.

640;" and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 369, pi. xxiii. ff. 10, 11

(1862).

riEKIX/E. 17

(? Terias Drona, Wallgni., K. Sv. Vet.-Alcaa. Ilaiull., 1S57; Lep. llhop.

Cailr., p. 19.
$ Terias Zoe, Wallgrn., loc. fit.

$ Terias liahel, Ilopfl'. [part], Peters' Reiso, etc., p. 368 (1862).
S 9 „ „ and Terias pukhella, ? , Trim., Rliop. Ai'r. Aust., 1. p. 76,
11. 49, and p. 78 (1862).

Exp. al, {$) I in. 4-7 lin. ; (?) i in. 4-8 \m}
$ Bright chromc-yelloiv, of variable depth and brightness ; ivitk
strowjly-marhed Hack borders to both wings. Fore-wing : base powdered
with blackish ; a black border from base along costa, gradually widen-
ing to apex, where it is very broad, and thence narrowing to anal angle,
where it is about one line in breadth, the inner edge of its hind-
marginal portion slightly scalloped, forming small acute projections on
nervules. Hind-wing : blackish at base and along submedian nervure
to a little before middle ; a black band along hind-margin, widest in
apical portion (but even there not or very slightly broader than the
anal-angular portion of band in fore- wing), and gradually diminishing to
anal angle, where it ends in a point. Cilia of fore- wing fuscous, slightly
mixed with pale-yellow,— of hind-wing all pale-yellow. Under side. —
Citron- ycUoiv. Fore-wing: at extremity of discoidal cell, a double
narrow blackish line including the yellow disco-cellular nervule, occa-
sionally almost obsolete ; the broad border of upper side indicated by
a greenish tint, sparsely irrorated with blackish atoms ; in some speci-
mens an indistinct, blackish, oblique stria near apex ; small black dots
at extremities of nervules ; inner-marginal portion of wing paler than
the rest. Eind-iuing : more or less irrorated with blackish atoms ; a
transverse series of three blackish dots, sometimes yellow-centred, near
base ; an indistinct, blackish line, like that in fore-wing, at extremity
of discoidal cell; beyond middle two or three faint-blackish, inter-
rupted, obliquely transverse streaks (often scarcely perceptible), ^the
first on costa, only reaching subcostal nervure ; the second, widely
interrupted on median nervules, almost crossing the whole wing ; the
third, on median nervules ; black dots on hind-margin as in fore-wing ;
occasionally a small rounded blackish spot close to base, between costal
and subcostal nervules.

$ VerT/ much paler, varying from pale lemon-yellow to p)rimrose-
yellow, more or less densely and generally irrorated loith blackish atoms;
dark border in both wings of a duller black, -in hind-wing more or
less suffused, and sometimes submacular, or actually broken into neryu-
lar spots contiguous only near apex. Fore-iving : blackish irroration
densest in basal half, thinner (or sometimes wanting) in discal area;
dark border commencing farther from base, and broadly interrupted
with irrorated ground-colour between first median nervule and sub-
median nervure, so that a well-marked terminal blackish spot is isolated

1 A dwarf 9 , captured at Pinetown, Natal, by Colonel Bowker, e.xpauds only an inch
across the wings.

VOL, III. ^

1 8 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

at posterior angle. Hind-iving : blackish irroration usually denser than
in fore-wing, except near costal mai-gin ; dark border very variable,
sometimes broader or considerably broader than in ^, rarely narrower,
always ending at extremity of first median nervule. Cilia of fore-wing
more mixed with pale-yellow generally, and almost wholly pale-yellow
about posterior angle. Under side. — Muck ]jaler {in hind-wing com-
monly with a ivhitish cast), with irroration of hlacMsh atoms tisually
viore pronounced ; markings as in ^.

I followed Doubleday in referring this butterfly to Eahel, Fab., in my work
above quoted; but Fabricius' description (Mit. Syst., iii. i, p. 204, n. 367) is
certainly not applicable to it, and Mr. Butler is apparently right in identifying
the Bornean T. TondaJia, Feld., with the Fabrician EaJtel.

Geyer, who undoubtedly figures (o^;. cit.) a small (J from the Cape of Good
Hope, refers it to the nearly-allied T. pidchella, Boisd., from Madagascar and
Mauritius ; but, as I hold these forms to be distinct,^ I can only adopt the
name of Zoe, given by Hopfier, who (oj?. cit.) describes and figures a $ from
Querimba, East Africa, diflering in no respect that I can detect from many
South- African specimens before me.

M. Aurivillius kindly forwarded me a specimen of Wallengren's Drona (op.
cit), and I Avas thus enabled satisfactorily to determine it as the ordinary (J
Zoe. From the well-known and widely-spread Indian T. Brona of Horsfield,
the South-African species is readily distinguished, as far as the ^ is concerned,
by its very much deeper yellow ground-colour (the ^ Drona being nearly as
pale as the 5 ^oe), narrower and much duller blackish border, and less basal
blackish. The 5 s of the two forms are, however, exceedingly close to each
other ; but, as far as I have noticed, the Indian one has usually much fainter
under-side markings.

The intimate alliance between T. Zoe and T. Brigitta has already been
pointed out {supra, p. 15), as well as the fact of the capture of an ordinary (^
of the former paired with a 5 of the latter. I twice took the paired sexes of
Zoe, on the same day (iSth March 1867), in Natal, and have since received
from that Colony two pairs captured in coitii by Colonel Bowker, and one by
Mr, J. M. Hutchinson ; in all these five cases, as well as in a sixth, where the
paired sexes were captured in the Transvaal by Mr. W. Morant, the (J s do not
vary, but the $ s exhibit the variations above described as regards both the
development of the hind-wing border and the extent of fuscous irroration on
the upper side.

This gaily-hued little butterfly was numerous about open ground throughout
such parts of Natal as I visited in the summer of 1867. It is conspicuous on
the wing, and, while active, is not swift, but keeps near the ground, and often
settles on flowers. Colonel Bowker found it " very common all over the Trans-
Kei territory in summer and autumn, frequenting open grassy country." I
have taken it near Port Elizabeth, and also about Grahamstown and the neigh-
bourhood, but it was rather scarce in both places. The season during which I
observed the species was from the end of January to the beginning of April ;

1 The characters distinguishing T. lyuJchella, Boisd., though slight, appear to be remark-
ably constant — a condition of value in such a genus as Terias. They are (iu the S ) a much
deeper yellow ground-colour on upper side, and a much broader border — near apex of hind-
wing nearly twice as bioad — of an intenser black, with the basal blackish of both wings
very much darker ; while (in the 9 ) the border of the fore-wing, singularly enough, is con-
spicuously narrower than in the ? Zoe. On the under side both sexes of Pidchella are of a
deeper yellow. In Mauritius, where I found this butterfly numerous, it appeared to be
larger than the specimens usually received from Madagascar, and with the black border
somewhat less broad.

PIERlNiE. 19

but Mr. D'XJrban noted its occurring in British Kaffraria from September to
April, and Colonel Bowker took it at Delagoa Bay about the middle of the
former month. Zoe has a more general range in South Africa than any of its
congeners, but has not been recorded in tlie Cape Colony westward of Port
Elizabeth on the south coast, or of the Carnarvon district inland.^ Its distri-
bution over the African continent seems to be very wide, but corresponding in
the main to that of Brigitta.

Localities of Tcrias Zoe.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Van Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District ((?. E.

Alston).

b. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (S. D. Bairstoic).

Grahamstown. King William's Town {W. D' Urban). East
London {P. Borcherds). Windvogelberg, Queenstown District
{Dr. Batho). Burghersdorp, Albert District {D. R. Kanne-
vieyer).

c. Griqualand West. — " Ivimberley." — H. L. Feltham. Yaal River

(/. H. Bowker and Mrs. Barber).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Basheo River (/. H. BoivJier).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Yerulam. Umvoti River. Mapu-

mulo. Pinetown (/. //. Bovker).

b. Upper Districts. — Hermansburg. Great Noodsberg. Greytown.

Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson). Roike's Drift
and Biggarsberg (/. H. Boicker).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel 11. Tower). Napoleon

Valley (/. H. Boivker).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren5o Marques (/. H. Boivker and Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom ( W. Morant). Potchefstroom and Lyden-

burg Districts {T. Ayres). Eureka, near Barberton {C. F.

Palmer). Marico River (F. C. Selous).
L. Bechuanaland. — INIotito (the late Eev. J. Fredoux).

IL Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (the late C. J. Andersson). " Angola

(Pogge)." — Dewitz, " Chinchoxo (Falkenstein)." — Dewitz.
Congo. — Coll. Brit. Mus.

b. Eastern Coast. — "Quilimane." — Hopffer. "Zanzibar (Baffraij)."

— Oberthlir.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — "Lower Niger {W. A. Forbes)." — Godman and

Salvin. Gold Coast {F. Bourke).
h. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland {Thrupp)." — Butler.

242. (3.) Terias Floricola, Boisduval.

Xanthidia Floricola, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., &c., p. 21, n. 2 (1883).

$ 9 Terias Floricola, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 671, n. 29 (1836).

$ Terias Ceres, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1886, p. 218,
pi. V. f. 3.

1 Mr. G. Warden has since (June 1887) brought a specimen taken at Ookicp, in the
Namaqualand District.

20 SOUTH- AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Exp. a!., I in. 5—8 lin.

$ Bright chrome-yclloiv ; fore-wing only with a narrow black horder
widened about the apex. Fore-wing : border commencing at a point on
costa just before extremity of second subcostal nervule, its apical portion
moderately wide, but its hind-marginal portion rather abruptly becoming
very narrow about end of third median nervule, and continuing so to pos-
terior angle, — just above which it is sub-interrupted by some yellow
scaling ; the inner edge of this border emits more or less acute denti-
culations on nervules, and between these is more or less excavated,
especially in its lower portion ; costa with a black edging line of
extreme tenuity. Hind-iving : a series of nine very small but (with
the exception of the two last) very distinct black hind-marginal spots,
all nervular except the eighth, which is between first median nervule and
submedian nervure. Under side. — Very much picder yellow, with pale
dull-ferruginous marhings. Fore-wing : two slender transverse linear
marks in discoidal cell before middle, of which the first is near base
and minute, and the second considerably larger and more or less angu-
lated ; at extremity of cell a small geminate marking of irregular
form, with a more or less prominent superior projection outward,
enclosing two whitish spots ; a subapical, elongate, irregular marking,
wider inferiorly, lying between costa and third median nervule ; space
between superior part of this marking and apex sparsely scaled with
dull-ferruginous ; a marginal series of nervular black spots throughout,
minute on hind-margin, but larger (in fine specimens somewhat con-
spicuous) on costa ; inner-marginal border whitish. Hind-wing : at
extremity of discoidal cell a marking similar to that in fore-wing, but
more irregular and more deeply insected ; a sub-basal curved transverse
row of three small whitish spots in ferruginous rings ; close to base,
between costal and subcostal nervures, a fourth spot (smaller and
imperfect) ; a very indistinct, irregular, transverse, discal streak from
costa to inner margin, broken completely on first subcostal, radial, and
all three median nervules, and on submedian nervure ; series of minute
hind-marginal spots as on upper side.

$ Similar, rather ixder. Fore-iving : apical black border broader,
prominently so at point (between radial and third median nervules)
where hind-marginal narrowing begins. Under side. — As in $, but the
large subapical ferruginous marking of fore -wing rather broader and
darker.

The foregoing description is made from specimens captured by myself in
Mauritius. The very few South-African specimens (three ,$ s and five 5 s) which
I consider referable to Ftoricola are slightly larger, and of a paler yellow tint on
the upper side ; and in the $ the black apical border is a little broader and
decidedly more prominent inwardly. On the under side the yellow is purer and
bi ighter ; the subapical marking of the fore-wing is broader and darker, and
the other markings are in general better developed. In these respects they
aj)proach Senegalensis, Geyer {nee Boisd.), which is indeed a very close ally of

TIERING. 21

Floricola, distinguished by its Lroader, inwardly angulated apical border of
fore-wing, and its very strongly marked under side.^

I have examined the $ Mauritian and South-African examples on which
]\rr. Butler founded his T. Ceres, as well as two $ s, ticketed " South Africa"
and " Katal," Avhich in the British Museum collection are associated with the
two $ s. The interruption of the border of the fore-wing above the posterior
angle, which Mr. Butler specially notes as a distinguishing character, is in
neither $ complete.

The Madagascar specimens of Floricola in the South-African IMuseum are
more like the South-African tlian the Mauritian examples, especially the ? s,
one of which is of an unusual paleness, inclining to whitish.

This appears to be a rare form in South Africa. I took two $ s near
D'Urban, Natal, in February and April 1867, and the late Colonel Tower
brought one $ from St. Lucia Bay later in the same year. Colonel Bowker
has sent only two examples (both from D'Urban), taken respectively in 1878
and 1S79. My captures were made in the Botanic Garden^ where several
species of Terias frequented the flowers of Vinca rosea.

In Mauritius I found Floricola numerous, and generally distributed about
grassy waste spaces, in company with its congener PtdcheUa.

Localities o£ Terias floricola.

I. South Africa.

E. Xatal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban.

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {Colonel H. Tower).

IL Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical

bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar : Murundava (Greve). Mauritius.
" Bourbon." — Boisduval.

243, (4.) Terias iEthiopica, sjj. nov.

(J Eitrema Senegalensis, Geyer [^ec Boisd.], Forts. Hiibn., Zutr. Exot.
Schmett., p. 41, ff. 969-970 (1837).

Exp. al., I in. 7-8^ lin.

Closely allied to T. floricola, Boisd. Chrome-yclloiv ground-colour
bright but rather paler ; black border in fore-iving only, hut broader supe-
riorly ; nervular hind-marginal spots in hind-iving larger. -Fore-wing :
black border shaped much as in Floricola, but considerably broader
apically, and presenting a marked angulated prominence inwardly on
third median nervule (much as in Hecahe, Linn.), as well as a usually
rather more pronounced small projection on first median nervule.
Hind-iving : terminal nervular spots considerably enlarged and thinly
elongated laterally. Under side. — Markings as in Floricola, hut much
more strongly marked, especially the sidiapical ferruginous patch of fore-
wing, which is broad and dark {more partindarly in $), and the irre-
gidar transverse discal streak of hind-iving. Fore-wing : terminal disco-

1 See T. Jithiopica, Trim., infra, No. 243.

2 2 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

cellular mark indistinctly geminate, larger ; subapical patch more or
less reproducing internal outline of upper side of black border as far as
third median nervule, but in $ emitting downward from its outer side
a narrow somewhat incurved projection as far as inter-nervular fold
between third and second median nervules. Hind-ioing : terminal
disco -cellular mark much enlarged, not geminate, sub-reniform ; discal
transverse streak very distinct, and usually (more particularly in $)
outwardly suffused in its middle portion between first subcostal and
third median nervules ; hind-marginal nervular spots not lengthened
laterally as on upper side, and only a little larger than in Floricola.

I have reluctantly been compelled to re-name this Terias, because, though
evidently the same as Seiiegalensis, Geyer, it is not the form to which the
name of Senegalensis was given by Boisduval in 1836 {Sp. Gen..Lep., i. p.
672). The latter author states expressly that the under side of his species was
so faint in its markings as at first to appear to have none, Avhereas the Terias
now under notice, of which Geyer figures the $ , is remarkable for the great
development of the under-side pattern, especially in the $ . Boisduval's insect
is evidently very close to Hecahe, L., and perhaps not separable from it.

In the above description T. JEthiopica is sufficiently distinguished from
T. floricola, Boisd., but it conies even nearer to the Indian and Australian T.
Sari, Horsfield (from which the Cingalese T. simulata and T. uuiformis of
JNIoore ^ cannot, I think, be separated). The only obvious distinctions of
yEfhiopica are on the upper side the very slight inward inferior prominence
of the fore-wing border (which in Sari is very pronounced), and tlie hind-
marginal marking of the hind-wing being restricted to small separate spots
(instead of, as in Sari, a narrow continuous blackish border). This latter
feature is, however, inclined to be unstable, for in one ^ y^thiojnca the thin,
laterally elongated spots almost unite. A hind-wing border of variable width
is a character of T. Hecabe, and thus Sari is nearer to the latter than ^thio-
pica is.

I have seen but few examples of this Terias from South Africa. A $
was sent by Colonel Bowker from Kart'raria Proper in 1866, and another
labelled "Natal" was received at the South-African Museum in a collection
acquired about the same date. In 1867 Colonel Tower gave me a 5 captured
at St. Lucia Bay, and the Museum received a series of the same sex taken in
Natal by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken. I did not meet with the insect during my
collecting excursions in Natal.

Localities of Terias ^thiopica.

I. South Africa.

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo River (J. H. Bowher)

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay {CoIo)iel H. Toicer).

II. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — " Senegal." — Geyer.

1 Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 119, pi. 45, ff. 2, 2a, 2b ; and p. 120, pi. 46, ff. 2, 2a, 2b (iSSi).
- Boisduval {op. cit. p. 670) gives Sari as a 9 variety of Hecahe, but he has not been
followed by Wallace (1867), Butler (1871), or Kirby (1S71).

r IK] UN. 4-:. 23

244. (■">.) Terias Butleri, sp. nov.

Exp. ciL, Q) I iu. 7 lin. ; ($) i in. 9 lin.

^ Sulphur-yelloiv ; fore-wing with rather broad, inivardly deeply
excavated black border ; hind-wing ivith a very narroiv, inivardly slightly
suffused border. Fore-iuing : costa irrorated finely with black for about
one-third from base, thence rather strongly black- edged to first subcostal
ner\n.ile, where the apical border begins to widen ; upper part of border
shaped as iu jEthiopica as far as third median nervule, but thence much
broader, the lower inward projection between first median nervule and
posterior angle being at least twice as broad. Hind-wing : border
extending from first subcostal to first submedian nervnre, attenuated to
each extremity, and crossed by yellow inter-nervular folds ; at extremity
of submedian nervure, and of fold between it and first median nervule,
a minute black spot. Under side. — Almost the same tint of yellow ;
usual markings very indistinct ; no trace in fore-wing of any sid)apical
patch or streak. Fore-wing : disco-cellular dot and streak faint and
minute, and terminal markings very indistinct, small, and narrow.
Hind-iving : small sub-basal annulets less indistinct ; terminal disco-
cellular mark rather narrow, interrupted on fold ; discal irregular streak
faint or nearly obsolete.

$ Considerably paler, sometimes inclining to whitish-yellow, with
broader didler borders. Fore-iving : a faint sj^arse minute fuscous irro-
ration from base (in one example not so sparse, and extending over
basal third of wing) ; border broader throughout, but more markedly so
at inferior inward projection. Hind-wing : border variable in width, but
always narrow, more suffused inwardly ; in the example above mentioned
a very sparse fuscous irroration for a little distance from base, chiefly
in discoidal cell. Under side. — As in $, but much paler, and markings
even more indistinct, almost obliterated ; in one example (not that above
mentioned) a faint trace in fore-wing of a ferruginous subapical patch.

Unwilling as I am to add another to the numerous species-names
of this bewildering genus, I see no help for it in the case of this
South-African form, near as it is to T. Hccabc (linn.). There is little
else to depend on in this group of Terias except the form of the fore-
wing border, and this in T. Butleri is intermediate between that ex-
hibited by the West- African T. Zeonis, Butl, and the pattern so strongly
developed in T. Hccabe. Zeonis itself is allied to ^thiopica, mihi, in
its upper-side markings, but their rather greater development, com-
bined with the feebly marked under side, link it to Butleri. The latter
is readily distinguished from its South-African allies by its deeply
excavated broad border in the fore-wing and distinct though narrow
one in the hind-wing, as well as by its exceedingly indistinct marking
on the under side.

It is with great pleasure that I name this butterfly after my friend
Mr. Arthur G. Butler, of the British Museum, whose praiseworthy

24 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES.

labours in this and other most, difficult genera merit the thanks of all
lepidopterists.

T. Butleri would appear to be a scarce species in South Africa, as the only
examples that have come under my notice are a few captured by myself on the
coast of Natal in February and March 1867.^ There was, however, nothing in
the habits of the butterfly to distinguish it from its congeners, and it is quite
possible that it may be passed over among the rest in the localities they all
frequent together.

Localities of Terias Butleri.

1. South Africa.
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Victoria County.

245. (0.) Terias Desjardinsii, Boisdnval.

^ Xanthidia Desjardinsii, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., &c., p. 22, pi. 2,

16(1833).
^ Terias Desjardinsii, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lap., i. p. 671, n. 30 (1836).
$ Terias floricol a, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Ehop.

Caffr., p. 19.
(J Terias Desjardinsii, Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 78, n. 51 {1862).
$ ,, ,, Bates, Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1863, p. 476, n. 2.

5 Terias aliena, Butler (?), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 18S0, p. 337, n. -20.
^ $ Eurema Desjardinsii, Mcischler, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien,

1883, p. 281.

Plate 10, fig. 2 {^).

Exp al, {$) I in. 5I-8 lin. ; ($) i in. 6-S^ lin.

$ Gamhogc-yelloiv ; fore-wing ivith a narrow or very narroiv black
border ; hind-ioing bluntly angulated at extremity of second median ner-
vidc, and with an extremely narrow black border, occasioncdly broken into
ncrvular sjwts. Fore-wing : on costa not far from base commences a
thin black edging, gradually widening beyond middle to a border of
variable width apically, which continues more narrowly along hind-
margin to posterior angle, where it again slightly widens ; inner edge
of border irregularly and bluntly dentate superiorly, but emitting
regular denticulations on median nervules and submedian nervure.
Hind-vnng : border little more than a slender edging-, rather strongly
dentated on nervules inwardly, diminishing to a point at extremity of
first median nervule or of submedian nervure ; rarely this border is
reduced to nerv^ular spots of modei-ate or even small size ; inner-mar-
ginal border conspicuously paler, quite sulphur-yellow. Cilia of fore-
wing greyish-brown mixed with rufous and at posterior angle with
yellow, — of hind-wing, yellow mixed with rufous. Under side. —
Sulphur-yclloiv, with pale-ferriiginous markings. Fore-vnng : apical
border rather widely tinged with pale-ferruginous, continued narrowly

1 A 9 specimen occurs in a collection made by Mr. A. W. Eriksson during 1884-85, in
the country between the Transvaal and Gubulewayo, Matabeleland.

riERIN/E.

25

to a point at posterior ang-le ; an oLlicpie subapical streak of darker
ferruginous, from fourth sul)costal to third median uervule ; in dis-
coidal cell usually a small faintly-marked spot nearer base than extre-
mity ; terminal disco-cellular marking very narrow and indistinct except
at summit. Ilind-wing : ordinary basal spot and sub-basal spots usually
distinct (the middle one of the three latter broken into three) ; ter-
minal disco-cellular marking larger, wider, and better marked than
that of fore-wing, partly interrupted on disco-cellular fold ; discal ray
indistinct in its upper and lower portions, but its central part (between
first subcostal and third median nervriles) suffused, angulated, and
usually rather conspicuous. Cilia of both wings pale ferruginous-
rufous, immediately preceded by nervular black dots.

$ Sulphur-yellow ; fore-wing with border duller, much diminished
hind-marginalhj ; hind-iving with a scries of Uach nervular dots only
0)1 hind-margin. Fore-iving : a suffusion of gamboge-yellow over basi-
inner-marginal area, rising over lower part of discoidal cell ; blackish
border broken into small separate spots on first median nervule and
submedian nervure (the latter spot even wanting occasionally), and
rarely so even as high as second and third median nervules ; the apical
part of border varying in width accordingly. Hind-wing : a slight
suffusion of gamboge-yellow from base along median nervure. Under
SIDE. — Like that of $, but paler, except sid)ap)ical oblique streak of fore-
wing, and suffused central part of discal streak of hind-iving, which are
much darker ferruginous, more sharply angidated, and very consjncuous.

In both sexes the apex of fore-wing is more pronounced and acute
than in the four species above described.

Among the drawings of some of Wallengren's type specimens
kindly obtained for me by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, there is a careful figure
of that author's T. fioricola, which proves to be, as I anticipated, the
$ Desjardinsii.

As regards T. aliena, Butler, from Madagascar, I have seen the
type in the British Museum ; it is a very worn and faded specimen,
and Mr. Butler agrees with me in thinking that it is in all probability
only a small $ of Desjardinsii.

There can be no doubt that Moschler, who {loc. cit.) carefully
describes both sexes, is in error in associating Scnegalensis, Geyer, with
Desjardinsii, the former being entirely different in such important
characters as the shape of the wings and the form of the border of the
fore-wings, and belonging in fact to the Fioricola group.

The acuter apex of the fore-wings and the angulation of the hind-
wings are alike in this species and in T. rcgularis, Butl., if, as I
believe, I have correctly identified the latter, but Desjardinsii is readily
distinguished by the very reduced border in both sexes. The speci-
men figured on Plate 10^ exhibits the widest border yet observed in

1 In this figure not nearly sufficient prominence is given to the principal markings of the
under side, viz., the ferruginous subapical streak of fore-wing and upper discal s'treak of
hind-wing, which are well marked in the specimen sent to the artist.

26 SOUTH-Al^RICAX BUTTERFLIES.

the $. The majority of the South- African ^ s have the border about
as narrow as in the Malagasy type figured by Boisduval ; but, on the
other hand, there are some examples in which it is much more reduced,
the extreme of naiTOwness being reached in a small ^ from the Bashee
River, and another from Lydenburg in the Transvaal. The $ s vary
similarly as far as the fore-wing border is concerned, but here the
extreme of reduction breaks up the hind-marginal portion of the border
into very nearly separated spots.

The 9 of this Terias was sent to the South-African Museum by Colonel
Bowker from Butterworth, Kaffraria Proper, as long ago as 1861, with the note
that it freqiiented forest-chad country, while its allies (!'. Zoe and Brigitta)
Avere found quite in the open. It was not until some years later that ^ s and
further $ s were received from the same territory ; and in 1 865 I met with both
sexes when landing for a day at D'Urban, Natal, towards the end of June. In
1867 I took the butterfly sparingly in the same locality during February and
]\rarch, and also found it near Maritzburg in April. It was taken in Zululand
during the same year by the late Colonel Tower. The best locality for it near
D'Urban was the Botanic Garden, whence the late Mr. M'Ken also sent a good
many specimens. On the wing it can be recognised at once by the narrowness
of its black borderino;.

Localities of Terias Dcsjardinsii.

I. South Africa.

I). Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (J. H. Boivher).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Avoca (/. H. Bowker).

b. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg.

F". Zululand. — St. Lucia Ikxj (the late Colonel H. Tower).
K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). Lydenburg (^A. F.
Ortlepp).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar {E. L. Layard).

246. (7.) Terias regularis, Butler.

$ Terias Desjardinsii ? '^ , Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 79 (1862).
(J „ regularis, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., vol. xviii.
p. 486 (1876).

Allied to T. Desjardinsii, Boisd.

Exp., {$) I in. 6-8 lin. ; $ i in. 6-8^ lin.

$ Gainhogc-yeUo^u ; fore-iuing rather hroadly bordered with black,
hind-iving about half as broadly bordered. Fore-wing : base narrowly
blackish ; costal nervure as far as first subcostal nervule, and a space
above and below it, irrorated with black atoms ; black border almost as
broad along costa as in T. Zoi}, not so wide apically, but broader hind-
marginally, and specially broader at posterior angle, — its inner edge
rather more irregular superiorly and hollowed about its middle. Hind-

FIERI N^. 27

iving : black border well defined, about the same widtli as in Zuc, its inner
edge forming- sharper and more numerous dentations on nervules, its
lower extremity becoming attenuated and suffused with yellowish scales,
and terminating in a point on submedian nervure ; inner margin rather
widely bordered with sulphur-yellow. Cilia without any rufous tinge,
but mixed with greyish-brown in fore-wing. Under side. — SidphiLr-
yelloiv ; dark borders faintly indicated from upper side ; markings gene-
rally arranged as in Desjardinsii, hut dusky-grey instead of ferruginous,
and very indistinct ; the subapical streak of fore- wing and uj)per discal
streak of hind-wing usually altogether wanting, but sometimes faintly
indicated. Fore-wing : no ferruginous tinge at apex or along hind-
margin . Hind-wing : costal border finely and rather sparsely irrorated
with blackish atoms.

^ Sulplmr-yelloto, more or less sparsely irrorated tvith blackish
atoms ; fore-iving border didler, but as broad, or nearly as broad, as
in $, except just at posterior angle ; Jiind-wing border reduced, varying
from a narroiv stripe, forming strong nervidar p)^'oj (actions inwardly, to
a series of disconnected slender nervular marks. Fore-iving : irroration
most developed near base, along costa, and in upper part of discoidal
cell ; a slight suffusion of gamboge-yellow over lower basi-inner-mar-
ginal area, as in Desjardinsii. Hind-icing : irroration scantier than
in fore-wing, usually confined a little space close to base, but some-
times extending over discoidal cell and below it. Under side. — As
in ^, but paler, and the subapical streak of fore-wing and upper
discal streak of hind- wing usually more or less distinct and tinged with
ferruginous, but never strongly marked as in Desjardinsii.

I have not seen Mr. Butler's type of Eegidaris, which he described
from an Abyssinian collection of insects, but from his description I
feel almost certain that it is identical with the ^ of the South-African
butterfly here described. I also associate with Begularis two ^ s from
the coast of Tropical Western Africa, which are in the South-African
]\Iuseum, and which only differ in the broader black border of the
wings (in the hind-wing especially, where it ends truncately above
submedian nervure), and their somewhat more rounded outline.

I wrote a description of this Teriax in 186 1, from a $ cajjtured at King
"William's Town by Mr. AY. S. M. D'Urban iu January of that year, but did
liot tlieu, or for some years afterwards, think it sufficiently distinct from Des-
jardinisii to be more than a variety of that species. In 1867 I had the plea-
sure of capturing a number of both sexes, both on the coast and in the inland
districts of K'atal, and was so fortunate as to take two pairs in copula, — one at
Fort Buckingham, on the Tugela, on the 8th March, and the other near Grey-
town on the nth. The species was on the wing in February, March, and
April, and Colonel Bowker took one near Maritzburg early in May. When
flying, it is not distinguishable from T. Zee. Mr. K. Lightfoot, of Cape Town,
has shown me a small ^ received in a collection made near Plettenberg Bay,
in the Knysna District, by Miss Newdigate in the year 1886. This is the
only example I know of which has occurred so far to the south and west.

28 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Tcrias rcgidaris.

1. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Forest Hall, near Plettenberg Bay {Miss

Newdigafe).
h. EasternDistricts.— King William's Town ( IF. S. M. U Urhan).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. Mapumulo.
h. Upper Districts. — Fort Buckingham, Grey town, and Umvoti
District. Pietermaritzhurg.

II. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast (/. M. Fash).

hi. Eastern Interior. — " Atbara" River [Soudan]. — A. G. Butler.

Genus MYLOTHRIS.

Mijlotliris (Hiibu., 1816, part.), Butler, Cist. Ent., i. p. 42 (1870).
Pieris, Godart [part.], Enc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (181 9); et Auct.
Pieris, Trim, [part], Rliop. Afr. Aust, i. p. 26 (1862).

Imago. — Head small, clothed above and in front with rather long
and sparse bristly hair; jx(//n slender, elongate, scaly above, — basal
and middle joints with long and bristly hairs beneath, — terminal joint
rather longer than middle one, porrect and ascendant, slightly thickened
just before tip ; antcnnm of moderate length and thickness, with a
short, abruptly-formed, flattened club, rounded at the tip.

Thorax short and rather slender, clothed densely with hair, which
above is long and silky. Wings thin (in some species very delicate)
and large. Fore-ivings rather elongate, with the costa very slightly
arched ; apex not acute but pronounced ; hind-margin almost straight
or slightly convex ; costal nervure ending at about three-fifths of wing
from base ; subcostal nervure three-branched, — first and second nervules
given off not far apart, near extremity of discoidal cell — the first very
short (sometimes in M. Agafhina joining costal nervure, and in one $
specimen almost obsolete), — second long, ending not far before apex ;
upper radial united to subcostal nervure at origin of third nervule,
lower radial from junction of two disco-cellular nervules ; of the latter
the lower is twice as long as the upper, but much less oblique and
slightly angulated or merely curved ; discoidal cell large, nearly three-
fifths length of wing, broad and truncate at extremity. Hind-iviiigs
bluntly obovate ; hind-margin convex, very slightly sinuate ; inner
margins convex, meeting below abdomen ; costal nervure very short,
terminating considerably before middle ; first subcostal nervule emitted
considerably before extremity of cell, much arched, ending at some dis-
tance before apex, — second nearly straight, ending at apex ; disco-
cellular nervules both oblique, the lower nearly or about twice as long

PIERIN^. 29

as tlio upper, and sometimes slightly angulated ; internal nervure ending
about middle of inner margin. Lcfjs moderately stout, scaly ; femora
with a little hair basally beneath, about equal in length to tibia) ; tarsi
rather longer than tibia), both rather densely and strongly spinulose ;
terminal spurs of hind-tibia) very small, of middle ones obsolete.

Abdomen of moderate length, laterally compressed, much arched,
larger posteriorly.

Larva. — Of the ordinary Pierine form, rather attenuated poste-
riorly ; clothed with longer hairs than usual in the Sub-Family. Food-
plant Zoranthus (in the case of M. AgatJiina).

Pupa. — Head with frontal process long and recurved upward ; a
dorsal series of prominent tubercles (larger on thorax) along middle
line of back, and two laterally-projecting claw-shaped processes on
each side of basal half of abdomen {M. Agathina and BilppclUi).

I follow Mr. Butler in thinking that this remarkable section of the
old genus Picris is generically separable, considering not only the three-
branched subcostal neuration of the fore-wings, but the peculiar /actfs
and pattern.^ The curiously tuberculated chrysalis is also a point to
be taken into consideration, as well as the slow flight and apparent
absence of the onward-moWng Pierine habit. The few known species
(about seven or eight) are confined to the Ethiopian Eegion, one {M.
Phileris, Boisd.) being peculiar to Madagascar ; they are all closely
allied. The three found in South Africa are M. Agathina, (Cram.),
which apparently ranges over all Tropical Africa; M. Trimcnia, But!.,
and 31. Biippellii, Koch, which are found in Eastern Africa as far
northward as Abyssinia. These butterflies are of very plain pattern,
the ^ s being white above with small hind-marginal black spots ^ {Tri-
menia, however, having lemon-yellow hind- wings, and Bilppellii a basal
suffusion of orange-red in its fore-wings), while the $ s are more or less
deeply and broadly tinged with ochreous-yellow (in Trimcnia entirely
confined to the hind-wings), or with fuscous-grey, and usually have the
hind-marginal spots rather enlarged. On the under side, Eiqypcllii is
almost the same as on the upper side, but Agathina and Trimcnia have
the hind-wings and the apex of fore-wings ochre-yellow, the former
possessing a conspicuous orange-red basal suffusion in the fore-wings.

It is of much interest to note that, like the aUied slow-flying but more
richly coloured species of the allied Oriental and Australian group,
Thyca, Wallengr.,^ some kinds of Mylothris are the subjects of mimicry

^ In Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, pp. 37, 38, Mr. Butler extended Mylothris to include
the South-American P. Pijrrha, Fab., and allies ; but they do not seem at all closely related
to the African species with which they are associated, and are usually separated by lepidop-
terists under the genus Pcrrhyhris. The 9 s of this group are noted for mimicry of various
Heliconinte.

- In the West-African M. Chloris, (Fab.), the outer three-fifths of the whole area of the
hind-wings is uniformly blackish on both surfaces. This species was included in my former
work on the strength of Boisduval's giving " Natal " as one of its localities ; but I now omit
it, seeing that no South-African example appears to be known.

^ See Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 3d Ser., iv. pp. 309, 344, and 383.

30 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

by Pieriuas of related genera. The irQitation of M. Agatliina by Pieris
Thysa, Hopff., is deceptively close in both sexes; and M. Poppea,
(Cram.), is similarly copied by P. PJiodope, (Fab.), on the West Coast.
M. Agathina is also mimicked by the $ Eronia Argia, (Fab.).

247. (1.) Mylothris Agathina, (Cramer).

$ Papilio Agathina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccxxxvii. ff. D, e (1782).

1^ Pieris Agatliina, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 511, n. 106 (1836).

cJ $ Pieris Agatliina, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 351, t. xxi.

ff. II, 12 [?] (1862).
^ 5 ,, „ Trim, [part], Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 28, 11. 15 (1862).

(^ $ ,, ,, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 19 (1884).

Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 6-8 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 6-9 lin.

$ White, with black marginal spots. Fore-wing : costa narrowly,
apex more widely, black ; four small black rounded spots on hind-
margin at ends of nervules. Hind-wing : six black spots on hind-
margin at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Markings similar
to those of upp)er side. Fore-ioing : apex yelloiv-ochreous ; on its hind-
marginal edge are three small spots continuous of the row along hind-
margin ; lase broadly suffused loith deep orange-red. Hind-iving :
entirely pale ycllow-ochreous ; hind-marginal spots rounder than on
upper side ; portion of costa above costal nervure orange-red.

$ Varies from didl ivhitish-ochrcoiis to didl orange-oehreous ; sp)ots
on hind-margins larger than in $. Under side. — As in $, but ground-
colour of fore-iving usually dull yellowish instead of white, and its apex
and whole of hind-wing of a deeper yellow-ochreous.

In the $ the lowest hind-marginal spot in the fore-wing is at the
extremity of the first median nervule, and is much smaller than the
rest, being occasionally a mere dot ; while in the hind-wing the two
uppermost, respectively on second subcostal and radial nervules, are
considerably less than the other four.

In the $ the spot on first median nervule of fore-wing is propor-
tionately larger than in the $, there is an additional spot (very small)
at extremity of submedian nervure, and there is more or less tendency
in all the spots to extend acutely in the direction of base. The spots
of the hind- wing, although sometimes much larger than in ^, do not
exhibit this tendency.

In both sexes the neuration of the under side is more or less
clouded with whitish where traversing the ochre-yellow ground-colour,
and the costal edging of the fore-wing is much more densely white-
scaled than on the upper side.^

The $ s exhibit on the upper side gradations, from being only

^ Oberthtir records that specimens taken in Abyssinia by M. Raffray were smaller, and
with less developed black markings than those found in Natal. A 6 example captured by
Colonel Bowker at Quilimane presents the same differences.

slightly tinged with yellowish (and having the fore-wings almost as
white as in the $) to having the whole surface of a dull orange-ochreous
(deepening into reddish at bases). The most richly and deeply tinted
specimens that I have seen are from Delagoa Bay.

Larva. — Transversely barred with alternate dull red and blackish
bands speckled with yellow ; and clothed generally with fine grey hair
of some length ; a yellowish-white lower lateral stripe on each side,
from second to last segment immediately above the legs. Head black,
varied with yellow down the middle. Length, J inch. (From notes
and drawings by Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale of specimens from near King
William's Town.)— See Plate 2, ff. 3.

Plta. — White, more or less tinged with cream-colour in parts, and
curiously marked with black. Head with a long frontal horn, curved
upward, cream-coloured. Thorax cream-coloured dorsally, but with
a broad black marking along the middle ; a small anterior acute black
tubercle on each side, and on median ridge a series of three white,
black-edged, broad, blunt, tubercular processes, slanting forward.
Wing-covers black with a greenish tinge. Abdomen dorsally white
and black, the latter forming a large lozenge-shaped marking (widest
on seventh segment) acuminate anteriorly on fifth and posteriorly on
ninth segment ; on each side a row of small black spots ; below these
a broad black stripe ; along median ridge a series of seven small white
black-edged tubercles, of which the second, third, and fourth are
blunter and larger than the rest ; both the sixth and seventh segments
bearing on each side a large, broad, acute, slightly forward-curved,
tooth-like white projection ; anal extremity very pointed. Length, f
inch. Attached by anal extremity and thoracic silken girth to web of
silk spread on a leaf. (From notes and drawings by Mr. J. P. Mansel
Weale, and drawings by Mrs. Barber, of specimens from near King
William's Town ; and drawings by Captain H. C. Harford of a speci-
men found at Pinetown, Natal.)— See Plate 2, fF. 3«.

The singular pupa was sent to Mrs. Barber in December 1868 by
Miss Fanny Bowker, who discovered it near King William's Town,
and the drawings reproduced in Plate 2 were received by me from
]\frs. Barber during the same month. Captain Harford's drawings
reached me the following year, and Mr. Mansel Weale's in 1873.
Mr. Mansel Weale discovered the larva, and wrote on 20th March
1873: "I have found Loranthus olecefolius swarming with the larvge
of Agatliina ; they follow each other like a regiment in line, or like the
Processionary Moth."

The pupa, from its black-and-white colouring, and particularly
from its attachment to a leaf covered just about it with white silk,
very probably presents, at a little distance, the appearance of a bird's
dropping ; ^ but on a closer inspection the dorsal aspect is by no means

^ Mr. Weale wrote in February 1S77 : "The chrysalides both of Agathina and Poppca
( = Rii2^pellii) very much resemble bird-droppings with mistletoe seeds intermixed."

32 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

unlike that of a spicier of the Gastcracantha group. From every point
of view, it looks altogether unlike what it really is — the chrysalis of a
butterfly — and no doubt derives protection from its disguise.

Few African butterflies are better known or more widely spread over the
continent than Agat/mia. It is rather a heavy flyer, haunting wooded spots,
and is very conspicuous on the wing. Like many others of tlie Sub-Family, it
is of somewhat gregarious habits, but I never observed in it any tendency to tlie
direct onward flight in one direction so characteristic of many Pierince. It
keeps much about low trees, and often settles on the leaves.

In South Africa Proper it is confined to the Eastern Territories, not being
recorded in the Cape Colony from farther westward than the Albany District.
It becomes numerous about King William's Town and in the Trans-Ivei
country, and is abundant on the coast of Natal. The perfect insect appears
to be "out" all the year round. I have personally taken it in the months of
January, March, April, June, and August, and have ample records of its capture
in May, October, November, and December. Colonel Bowkei- sent me the
paired sexes taken on the Bashee River in May 1863, at King William's Town
in 1872, and also at D'Urban, Natal, on the nth October 1881.

Localities of Mylothris Agathina.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown (J/. E. Barber and H. J.
Atherstone). Kowie River, Bathurst District [J. L. Fry). Wind-
vogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Batlio). King William's
Town. " East London and Keiskama River mouth." — W. S.
M. D'Urban.

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. H. Boiolier).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Avoca (/. H. Bowker). Itongati
River. " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker.

h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg (>S^. Windham). Estcourt (/. M.
Hutchinson).

F. Zululand. — -St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toiver).

G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton.

H. Delagoa Bay.- — ^Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom ( V. E. Noreii).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (/. A. Bell). " Angola (Pogge)."

■ — Dewitz. " Congo : Kinsembo (H. Ansell)." — A. G. Butler.

" Chinchoxo (Falkenstein)." — Dewitz.
h. Eastern Coast. — Quilimane (/. H. Bowlier). Zambesi {Rev. H.

Rowley). " Querimba." — Hopffer.
hi. Eastern Interior. — Shashani River, near Bulawayo ; and Inyam-

bare River {F. C. Selous).

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Sierra Leone. — Coll. Brit. Mus.

h. Eastern Coast. — " Abyssinia {Raffray and A7itinori)." — Oberthiir.

PIEKINyE. 33

248. (2.) Mylothris Trimenia, Eullor.

^ 9 Pieris Agafhina, Vars. B. and C, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29

(1862); "and pi. 2, f. 2 [c?] (1866).
Pieris Trimenia, Ikitl., Cist. Ent., p. 13 (1S69).
Mylothris Trimenia, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1872, p. 36.

$ Taclujris Trimenia, Staud., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 17 (1884).

Exp. al, {■$) 2 in. 3-4 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 1-3 lin.

$ Fore-wing white, hind -wing lemon-yellow; a common hind-
marginal roio of nervidar Mack sjwts. Fore-ioing : base very narrowly-
clouded with black ; costa witli narrow but well-defined black margin
from base to a little before apex, where it widens considerably, forming
an apical blackish tip as in Agathina ; hind-marginal nervular spots
variable in size, more or less narrowed and pointed baseward, — the spot
at end of lower radial nervule joined to apical blackish, and the lowest
spot (at end of submedian nerviu-e) very small. Hind-icing : hind-
marginal spots varying in size, more rounded than those in fore-wing,
one more in number than the corresponding series in Agcdhina, — the
additional (seventh) spot being at the end of first subcostal nervule ;
the middle (third and fourth) spots of this row smaller than the rest ;
base narrowly blackish about origins of nervm-es. Uisder side. —
Rind-wing and apex of fore-wing citron-yellow tinged u-ith oehreous.
Fore-vjing : costal black almost obliterated by white scaling ; apical
black only represented by three small spots at extremities of nervules ;
other hind-marginal spots much smaller than on upper side, — that on
submedian nervure minute or wanting ; no black at base, but only a
slight tinge of ochrey-yellow. Hind-wivg : costa at base and as far as
middle edged with orange -yellow ; hind-margin also narrowly tinged
with the same colour; hind-marginal spots rather larger and better
defined than on upper side.

$ Similar to $, hut hind-iving paler or deeijer creamy yellow-ochreous.
Fore-vjing : no black at base, but a very faint tinge of yellowish ; hind-
marginal spots considerably larger (especially that on submedian ner-
vure), sometimes almost contiguous as far as first median nervule.
Hind-iuing : spots rounder, and usually slightly larger ; no black at
base. Under side. — As in $, but all the yellow colouring deeper and
more oehreous, being of about the same tint as in $ Agathina.

Thorax clothed on the breast with orange-yell 010 pubescence.

This near ally of Agathina is easily known by its constantly yellow
hind-wings (lemon-yellow in the ^, ochre-yellow in the ^) and pure
white fore-wings in both sexes. The conspicuous orange-red flush at
the base of the fore-wings on the under side which characterises
Agathina is wanting in Trimenia ; and the latter constantly possesses
an additional spot (at the extremity of the first subcostal nervule) in the
hind-wing, and has the under side of the thorax clothed with orange-
yellow (instead of white) hair.

VOL. III. C

34 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Mr. W. S. M. D'Urban first brought this beautiful species to my notice,
forwarding specimens taken near King William's Town in i860. Colonel
Bowker subsequently met with it in the Trans-Kei ; and I had the pleasure of
observing it in Katal (Fort Buckingham or Tunjumbili) early in March 1867.
It is quite a woodland butterfly, but seems to prefer forests at a considerable
elevation.^ I was struck with the resemblance Avhich living specimens, when
on the wing, bore to faded yellow leaves drifting before the breeze, and Mr.
J. P. Mansll Weale, writing to me in the same year, independently recorded
the same impression, conveyed to him by the notice of examples occurring in
the woods near Bedford in the Cape Colony. In 1877, Mr. Weale, writing
from Breidbach, near King William's Town, expressed his belief that the
larva of Trimenia would be found to feed on Loranthus iDrunifolius, parasitic
on Schotia latifolia.

Localities of Mylothris Trimenia.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts.— Bedford (/. P. Mansel Weale). King William's
Town (IF. S. M. U Urban, M. E. Barber, and /. H. Boivker).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Tsomo and Bashee Rivers (/. H. BovjJie?-).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. —D'Urban {A. D. Millar). Pinetown (/. H.

Boivker).

b. Upper Districts. — Tunjumbili.

II. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical.

61. Eastern Interior.— Abyssinia : "Shoa (Antinori)." — Oberthiir.

249. (3.) Mylothris Riippellii, Koch.

Pieris Riippellii, Koch, " Indo-Austr. Lep. Fauna, p. 88 (1865)."
^ „ „ Feld., Reise d. Novara, Lep., ii. p. 167, n. 146 (1865).

Var. $ ?, Pieris Poppea, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 321, n. 215

(1866).
Var. $ ?, Pieris Uannus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 342.
Pieris Rueppelii, Oberth., Etudes d'Ent., iii. p. 16, pi. i. f. 2^(1878); and

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xv. p. 149 (1880).

Plate X. fig. 3 {$), 3« (?)•

Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 1-7 lin. ; (?) 2 in. 2^-61 lin.

^ White, with black hind -marginal spots on nervures. Fore-iving :
base slightly irrorated with fuscous ; a hroad basal suffusion of orange-
red spreading over rather more than half of discoidal cell ; costa edged
with fuscous, which is widest (and white-scaled) near base, but very
narrow about middle of wing ; apex rather widely bordered with
fuscous ; four hind-marginal spots, of which the first sometimes joins
apical black, and the fourth (at end of first median nervule) is always
minute. Hind-ioing : base slightly fuscous ; a faint orange suffusion,

1 Mr. Alfred D. Millar has sent me a (J taken near D'Urban on nth September 1887,
and informs me that he met with five others during that month, but that the species is rare
both in that vicinity and about Pinetown.

riERIN/E. 35

fading outwardly into yellow, in basal region; six hind-marginal spots
of small size, of which the first (at end of second subcostal nervule)
is minute, and the second and sixth smaller than the three others.
Under side. — Fore-wing : no basal fuscous, and only some faint fuscous
scales along edge of costa ; orange-red suffusion brighter and spreading
nearer to extremity of discoidal cell ; in place of apical fuscous three
small marginal nervular spots, of which the first is a little hc/orc apex
at end of second subcostal nervule. Hind-wing : white, very faintly
tinged with yellowish near base and inner margin ; costa at and for a
little distance from base bordered with orange-red ; hind-marginal spots
(especially the first) larger and rounder than on upper side.

$ More or less universally suffused with j;a/e crcamy-ochrcous, into
which the basal orange -red (which is much duller than in ^) gradually
fades ; on the discs the nervures are all more or less clouded with
whitish; hind-marginal spots much larger than in $, Fore-iving :
apical fuscous crossed by two or three ochreous inter-nervular rays ; a
minute spot at extremity of submedian nervure. Ukder side. — In
the paler specimens almost as white as in $, but in the darker ones
more or less tinted with creamy-yellow generally. Fore-wing : orange-
red suffusion fills discoidal cell, and faintly extends inner-marginally
almost to posterior angle ; hind-marginal spots not enlarged as on
upper side, but blacker and rounded.

This beautiful Pieris is a very near relation of the West African
Poppea, Cram.,^ and of the Malagasy Phileris, Boisd. ; it is, perhaps,
not quite so closely allied to Agathina, Cram. As far as the $ s are
concerned, the very consjncuous orange-red lascd suffusion of the fore-
wings on the U}yper side readily distinguishes EuppcUii from all the three
species named ; Mhodope and Phileris having only a very faint and
much smaller orange-yellow tinge, while in Agathina there is none at
all. The fainter basal suffusion in the hind-wings is also wanting in
all the three allied forms. On the under side, Eilppellii has none of
the rich ochre-yellow of Agathina, but its white is less pure than that
of Poppea and Phileris ; the hind-marginal spots, however, are smaller
than in the two latter, and agree very closely with those of Agathina ;
and the basi-costal orange-red of the hind-wings is bounded (as in
Agathina) by the costal nervure, instead of extending suffusedly beyond
it, as in Poppea ; while the wide suffusion from the base of the fore-

1 Dewitz {Nov. Act. K. Lcop.-Carol.-Dcutsch. Alcad. Naturf., xli. p. 1S5, 1879) and
Moschler {Yerh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Gcsellsch. Wien, 1883, pp. 270-77) have independently
been at pains to point out the characters which in reality widely separate such to all
appearance closely allied species as Rhodoj^e, Fab., and Poppea, Cram., which authors
generally have treated as identical. Not only has Rhodope constantly eight hind-marginal
spots (instead of six) in the hind-wing, as well as other minor differences, but the subcostal
nervure of the fore-winy has an additional (fourth) branch. This latter distinction is actually
more of generic than specific value. Moschler [loc. cit., p. 270) is, however, quite in error
in placing the ? of my Poppea (= ? Ramus, described in 1S79) as that of Rhodop", Fab., its
neuration agreeing with that of the 6 with which I associated it, as well as with the neura-
tion of the true Poppiea, Cram., Agathina, Cram., and Phileris, Boisd.

36 SOUTH-A-PRICAN BUTTEEFLIES.

wings is but little wider, and if anything less bright, than in Aga-
thina, though very much brighter and broader than in the other two
species.

With respect to the ^ s, that sex of P. Philcris is not known to
me;-^ but as regards the remaining species, Riqypdlii is more like
AgatUna than Poppca in either of its forms. It is best distinguished
from Agathina by (i) the broader red suffusion from base; (2) the
white clouding of the nervures on disc ; (3) the broader apical fuscous
and larger hind-marginal spots in the fore- wings ; and on the under
side by (5) the much paler and less yellow hind-wings and apex of
fore-wings, especially white on the hind-marginal edge. Both forms
of Fopixa, but particularly that in which the fore-wings are white, are
specially characterised by the enlarged hind-marginal spots of the upper
side, which in the fore- wings form broad, elongated nervular rays; but
on the under side the corresponding spots are quite as in Ruppdlii,
excepting that they are slightly larger.

In both sexes of Iiuppdlii the wings are thinner and weaker in
structure than in Agathina, but not so delicate and semi-transi^arent as
in Poppca and Philcris.

It was not until I saw M. Oberthiir's figure above quoted that I
knew how very close my species Ilccmus, described in 1879, was to the
Buppellii of Koch, which, from Felder's remarks (pp. cit.), I had sup-
posed to be most probably an Abyssinian variety of Agathina. Judging
from that figure (of the ^) and from Felder's description of another $,
the South- African form, though it can scarcely be separated as a
species from Buppellii, constitutes a variety which is of larger size,
better developed hind-marginal spots and fore- wing apical blackish,
rather more restricted basal red in fore-wing on upper side,^ and whiter
under side. Neither Oberthiir nor Felder describe the $ Euppellii. Two
^s sent by Mr. Selous from Mashunaland in 1883 are considerably
nearer the Abyssinian type than specimens from South Africa proper,
being of smaller size, and with the black marginal markings much
reduced, — most of the spots (especially the upper three in the hind-
wing) being minute or obsolete.

Pupa. — " Satiny- white, with a pale- green tinge dorsally ; projec-
tions on wing-covers tipped with ochreous-yellow and black ; faintly
mottled with grey ventrally. In shape closely resembles pupa of Aga-
thina." — J. P. Mansel Weale, in epist., February 1877.

Mr. Weale wrote that he suspected the larva to feed on Loranthus
Dregei, parasitic on two kinds of Acacia, Comhrctnm, and Scholia,
but had not succeeded in identifying it, although he had found the
pupa.

1 The butterfly figured as the ? Philcris by Boisduval {Faunc Ent. de Madag.,&.c., pi. 2,
f. 5) is an entirely different species, and has been named Pieris Grandidicri by Mabille.

" In plate 10, fig. 3, the basal red of the fore-wing on the upper side is not quite wide
enough on the median nervure, while the basal yellow of the hind-wing is a little too much
extended over the discoidal cell.

riKKlN.'R 37

Mr. AV. S. M. D'Urban was the first to discover tliis very Ijcautiful insect
in South Africa, having captured two specimens at King William's Town in
May 1 86 1. In January T878, I saw an example in the same locality, flitting
about flowers in Colonel Bowker's garden. On the Bashee, in Kaflraria Pro-
l^er, Colonel Bowker met with many specimens, including some females. At
Breidbach, near King William's Town, Mr. Weale observed that this species
was more prevalent in wet weather, while Agathina appeared more when it was
dry. I am not aware of the occurrence of the species in Natal. A specimen
from the Zambesi was in the collection of the late Mr. Hewitson in 1867, and, as
above mentioned, Mr. Selous sent two examples from Mashunaland in 1883.
Oberthlir notes it as very rare in Abyssinia, the Marquis Antinori having
brought from thence only a single specimen.

Localities of Mylotltris BUpj^ellii.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts. — King William's Town (TF. S. M. D'Urban and
J. P. Mansel Weale). Kei Eiver Mouth {J. H. Bowker).
D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River l^J. II. Bowher).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

bi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi. — Hewitson Coll. Mashunaland {F.
C. Selous).

B. Xorth Tropical.

bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: "Southern (Ruppell)." — Felder;
" Shoa (^Antinori)." — Oberthlir.

Genus PIERIS.

Pieris, Schrank [part], "Fauna Boica, ii. i, pp. 152, 164 (1801)."

,, Latreille [part], "Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., xiv. p. in (1805)."
Pontia, Fab., " lUiger's Mag., vi. p. 283 (1807)."
Pieris, Boisduval [part], Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 434 (1836).

„ Doubleday [part], Gen. Diurn. Lep., i. p. 42 (1847).
Pinacoptery.i', Wallengren, K. Sv. Akad.-Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop. CaUV.,

p. 7.
BeJenois and Syncldoe (Hilbn. 1816), Butler, Cist. Eut., i. pp. 50, 51
(1870).

Imago. — Head of moderate size, more or less densely clothed with
bristly hairs ; _2^a7pi slender, compressed, rather long, — basal joint as
long as (or sometimes rather longer than) middle one ; both scaly above,
and densely clothed with long bristly hair beneath, — terminal joint
scaly, slender, usually about as long as, or a little shorter than, middle
joint, moderately acuminate or slightly blunted, porrect (sometimes
half hidden by long hair of middle joint) ; antennce of moderate length
and thickness, with the club short, rather abruptly formed, more or
less flattened, and rounded at tip.

Thorax, of moderate length and robustness, densely clothed with
hair, which is_buger and more silky above. Fore-wings of moderate

38 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

length ; costa scarcely arched beyond basal curve ; apex always marked,
and sometimes prominent and acute ; hind-margin straight, or very
slightly concave about middle ; inner margin usually slightly concave
about middle ; subcostal nervure four-branched, — first nervule given
off some distance before extremity of discoidal cell, short, often joining
costal nervure near its extremity {Cahjpso group), — second long, ending
not far before apex, given off rather nearer to first than to extremity
of cell, — third subapical, short or very short, ending at apex or just
before it (in Bvassicce group exceedingly short or even [P. Daplidice
and P. irellica] wanting), — fourth ending at or a little below apex;
upper radial nervule united with subcostal nervure at some distance
beyond end of cell ; upper disco-cellular nervule very oblique, usually
considerably more than half as long as lower one, which is transverse
and slightly curved ; discoidal cell rather broad, truncate at extremity,
more than half length of wing. Hind-ioings broad, rounded, some-
times rather elongate anal-angularly ; costa moderately or slightly arched ;
hind-margin very convex, entire or slightly sinuated ; anal angle
rounded ; inner margins meeting, and forming a tolerably deep groove
almost to end of abdomen ; first subcostal nervule much arched, given
off a long Avay before end of cell ; disco-cellular nervule s both oblique,
the upper one much shorter (sometimes less than half as long), the
lower one slightly curved. Legs moderately long and thick ; femora
with fine hair beneath ; fore-tibiee much shorter than femora ; middle
and hind tibire about as long as femora, their terminal spurs moderately
developed ; tibiae and tarsi finely spinulose.

Abdomen curved, compressed, moderately long and slender, rather
larger terminally, tufted with silky hair at base on back, and more
thinly so along middle line beneath ; anal valves in ^ sometimes with
a short terminal curved spine {Calypso group) ; in other species, a
tuft of long bristly hairs beneath, just at base of each a,nal valve.

Larva. — Rather elongate, shortly pubescent, slightly attenuated at
extremities ; head small.

Pupa. — Rather slender ; much attenuated posteriorly ; a more or
less elevated ridge along middle line of back, and another on each side
of first three segments of abdomen ; an acute projection in front of
head ; and a prominent tubercle at middle of dorso-thoracic ridge, and
on each lateral abdominal ridge on second segment.

Boisduval's list of this genus numbered (1836) no fewer than
166 species; Doubleday's (1847), 175. Wallace, after separating
from it (1867) the extensive sections Thysa, Tachyris, and Prioneris,
gave the number of described species as 1 7 i ; and if (as I consider
preferable) Tachyris be not separated generically, the total will be
raised to 237. Mr. Butler's revision of the genus was first given
(1870) in Cistula Entomologica, vol. i. pp. 39-5 2, and, as amended
(1872) in Proc. Zool. Soe. Loncl., p. 27, he still further divided the
old genus Pieris into fifteen genera, containing altogether 341 species,

but restricted the name of Picris to a very limited group of Tropical
American species (fifteen), forming Section I. of Boisduval's subdivision
of the old genus, and for which Hiibner's name Fcrrhylris has been
generally adopted. I cannot find that his genera Appias ( = Tachyris,
Wallace), Bdcnois, Fonda , and Synchloe are satisfactorily separable ;
these I regard as constituting the bulk of the genus Ficris, and they
contain, according to Mr. Butler, 179 described species. Of those
genera of Mr. Butler's which include African species, I think that
Mijlothris and Herpcenia are deserving of adoption, considering their
peculiarities of structure and pattern.

Ficris, as here regarded, is of almost universal distribution, New
Zealand being the only extensive land area at any considerable distance
from the poles which has no known representative of the genus. Taking
the number of recorded species at about 230, it is noticeable that the
Oriental and Australian regions greatly preponderate in richness and
variety of forms, upwards of a hundred, or not far from half the genus,
being" native there, and a considerable number of these apparently
inhabiting both regions. The Neo-Tropical Eegion yields between
fifty and sixty species, and the Ethiopian about thirty-seven. The
great Pala?arctic Region and the Nearctic are both exceedingly poor,
possessing respectively fourteen and eleven species only.

In South Africa fourteen species are known to occur ; they belong
to four groups, of which F. Saha, (Fab.), F. Figea, Boisd., F. Calypso,
Drury, and F. Daplidicc, (Linn.), may be regarded as the respective
representatives, viz. : —

Group i. — Sala, Fab., representative.

Sexes extraordinarily difierent. $ white, with an incomplete narrow
apical hind-marginal border in fore-wdngs ; under side with hind-wings
and apex of fore-wings creamy. $ with very broad black hind-mar-
ginal borders to both fore and hind wings, and with basi-disco-cellular
area of fore-wings usually also black ; under side white with similar
but much fainter blackish markings. The $ has an inferior abdominal
tuft of bristly hairs, — the characteristic of Wallace's genus Tachyris.

(i species.)

Group 2. — Figea, Boisd., representative.

Sexes moderately dissimilar. $ greenish-white (in one species, P.
Spillcri, Stand., sulphur-yellow), with very small and inconspicuous
hind-marginal blackish nervular spots (scarcely apparent except at and
near apex of fore-wings, where they are enlarged) ; under side with
hind-wings and apex of fore-wings faintly tinged with yellowish or
greenish, sometimes speckled with fuscous and with traces of discal
fuscous spots in hind-wings. $ usually more or less tinged with ochre-
yellow, especially in hind-wings, and with one or more discal fuscous
spots in fore-wings ; hind-marginal nervular spots larger, especially in
fore-wings ; under side more deeply coloured with ochre-yellow.

40 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

(5 species : Plgca, Boisd., Alha, Wallengr., Simana, Hopif., Charina,
Boisd., Spilleri^ Staud.)

Group 3. — Calypso, Druiy, representative.

Sexes very dissimilar. ^ white, with moderately broad white-spotted
black borders, better developed in fore-wings, which have also a con-
spicuous terminal disco-cellular black spot or oblique bar ; under side
with hind-wings and apex of fore-wings of some tint of yellow, with
similar blackish markings, but usually with black neuration and discal
spots. $ more or less tinged with yellow, especially in hind-wings
(which are sometimes deep ochre-yellow), and with all black markings
much enlarged.

In one species (Mesentina, Cram.) the apex of fore-wings is rather
produced and pointed, and in two others (Gidica, Boisd., and Abyssinica,
Lucas) it is strongly so characterised.

(7 species : Thysa, Hopff., Ogygia, Trim., Zochalia, Boisd., Mesentina,
Cram., Gidica, Godt., Abyssinica, Lucas, Scverina, Cram.)

Group 4. — Daplidice, Linn., representative.

Sexes much alike. White, with black mai'kings much as in last
section, but in ^ stronger, and including an additional inferior discal
spot in fore-wings. Under side with hind-wings and apex of fore-wings
varied with white and dull-greenish and yellow-tinged markings.

In Da2)lidice and Hcllica, Linn., the third subcostal nervule of fore-
wings is wanting.

( I species : Hcllica, Linn.)

The caterpillars of this genus appear for the most part to be
attached to Cruciferm and Cap2Kiridece ; those of the European P.
Brassicce, Eapce, &c., and of the allied North- American P. olcracea, are
notorious for their injuries to cultivated cabbages, turnips, and related
plants.

250. (1.) Pieris Saba, (Fabricius).

$ Paptlio Saba, Fab., " Sp. Ins., p. 46, n. 199 (1781);" and Ent. Syst.,

iii. I, p. 201, u. 627 (1793).
5 Pajnlio Epaphia, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccvii. ff. n, E (1782).
$ Papilio Hi/p>atia, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., iii. pi. xxxii. if. 5, 6 (1782).
$ Pieris Higinia, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 133, n. 45 (1819).
(j Pieris Orbona, Boisd., Faune Ent. Madag., &c., p. 18, pi. i, f. 3 (1833).
9 and (as $) Var. $ , Pieris Malatha, Boisd., loc. cit., if. 4, 5.
^ ^ Pieris Orbona, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 497, n. 89 (1836).
c^ 9 Pieris Saba, Doubl, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 46 (1846).
^9 ,, „ Hopif., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 353 (1862).

(J ? „ „ Trim., Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. vii. pi. ix. if. 3, 4.
cJ ? , ? Var. Pieris Saba, Grandid., Hist. Phys., &c., Madag., xix., ii.

Atlas I, pi. 36, it; 1-8 (1885).

U.jcp. (d., ($) 2 in. 1-5 lin. ; ($) 2 in. i-sj Hn.
$ White ; fore-wing with a rather narroiv blackish apical and hind-
marginal border. Fore-iving : space between costa and costal nervure

PIERTNiE. 41

rather closely irrorated with blackish ; costa with a linear black edging
from before middle to end of second subcostal nervule ; at the latter
point commences the apical hind-marginal blackish border, which is
narrow, and rather suliused and ill-defined on its inner edge (where it
forms more or less marked nervular dentations), extending to between
second and first median nervules ; usually a small blackish mark at
extremity of first median nerv^ule. Hind-iving : sometimes without
marking, but usually with a series of very small, faint, nervular blackish
marks along hind-margin, of which the first (at extremity of first sub-
costal nervule) is much longer and more pronounced than the rest.
Under side. — Hind-ioing and apiccd lorder of fore-wing faintly tinged
with rather dull cream-colour. Fore-wing : no blackish border ; in dis-
coidal cell a narrow basal suffusion of chrome-yellow ; some scarcely
perceptible indications of very small hind-marginal nervular spots.
Hind-iving : costa from base to a point considerably before middle
narrowly edged with chrome-yellow ; in some specimens, traces of some
very small hind-marginal nervular spots, those at extremities of first
subcostal and second median nervules more apparent than the rest.

$ Blackish border of fore-wing very Iroad, and a very hroad hlacJcish
hind-marginal lorder in hind-wing ; basal area of fore-wing very broadly
blackish ; luhite ground thus reduced to a discal band in fore-wing^ and
a broad basi-central sjmce in hind-iving. Fore-iving : basal blackish
extending from costa to inner margin, completely and exactly fillino-
discoidal cell to its extremity, narrower and somewhat suffused below
cell ; very broad apical hind-marginal border widest on costa (where it
extends sometimes to a little before middle), somewhat abruptly nar-
rowed near and at posterior angle, its inner edge regularly dentated on
median ner\Tiles, — the dentation on third median nervule often more
or less completely united to outermost extremity of black fillino- dis-
coidal cell ; in blackish border, and towards its outer part, a subapical
oblique row of three inter-nervular, elongate, rather ill-defined white
spots (of which the lowest is rarely obsolete), between fourth subcostal
and third median nervules. Hind-u-ing : base narrowly and usually
faintly irrorated with blackish ; hind-marginal broad border somewhat
variable in width, its inner edge irregular and more or less sufiused,
but with a more or less marked dentation or prominence on second
subcostal nervule. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-icing
greyish-white with a very slight opalescent tinge and a faint marginal
edging of yellowish; hind-marginal dark borders much didler than on
upper side, especicdly in hind-wing. Fore-wing : basal blackish much
fainter, obsolete below discoidal cell ; yellow basal suffusion much more
extensive than in $, covering about two-thirds of cell, and reach-
ing also to costal edge ; greyish-white apical patch representing on its
inner side the white spots of the upper side. Hind-iving: yellow
costal edging extending to middle or a little beyond ; hind-marginal
border diffusedly narrowed in its lower half, and outwardly marked

42 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

vao-uely witli a greyish-wLiite shade along its upper half ; sometimes
a ray of chrome-yellow along submedian nervure from base.

Variety of $. — (Var. Flavida, Grandidier.) — More or less tinged
ivith lemon-yelloiv, especially near margins : hind-marginal hlackish
border much narroiver {especially in hind-wing) and more sharply den-
taied inwardly ; hasal Uachish of fore-wing all wanting except a narrow
faint hasi-costal horder, which scarcely enters discoidal cell (except
very slightly and diffusedly at base and along its upper edge), and
terminates somewhat truncately a little before extremity of cell.
Fore-iving : subapical spots in border yellowish. Hind-wing: basal
irroration wanting or very slight and restricted ; hind-marginal border
less than half as wide as in typical $, its inner edge much better
defined, and prominently (in one example acutely) dentating the ground-
colour on nervules. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing
more creamy in tint ; blackish border considerably narrower and duller
in fore-wing, and scarcely perceptible in hind-wing. Fore-wing : no
cellular blackish (except, in one specimen, the very faintest trace along
upper part of cell).

In this butterfly the dissimilarity of the sexes is so extreme that
one cannot wonder at Boisduval's treating them originally (1833) as
distinct species. The variety of the $ just described was, however, at
first regarded by that author as the $ of the ty^Dical $, which he
named Mcdatha ; but this was rectified in the Species Gdoidral (1836),
which recognised that Orhona and Malatha were ^ and $ of one
species, and noted the so-called ^ of Malatha as a form of the $.

I have examined the type of Sala in the Banksian Collection at
the British Museum. It is a small but broadly black-marked $ from
" Sierra Leone." The $ figured by Cramer as Epaphia (stated to be
from the same locality) is very broadly black-marked, and is repre-
sented as possessing an orange basal suffusion in discoidal cell of the
fore-wing, and also a broad orange suff'usion (outwardly fading into
yellow) between the nervures in the basal half of the hind-wing.
Drury's Eypatia is also a " Sierra Leone " $ ; it is larger than Cramer's
specimen, and is figured as having a tinge of yellow over the basi-
inner-marginal part of both wings on the upper side, and the border
of the hind-wing narrower than in Cramer's figure ; while, on the
under side, the suffusion of the cell in the fore-wing is pale ochreous-
yellow, and there is scarcely a trace of the orange and yellow rays
in the hind- wing. Godart's description of a ^, likewise from Sierra
Leone, accords better with Drury's than with Cramer's figures. Neither
of the fio-ures just mentioned exhibit the junction in the fore-wing of
the disco-cellular with the hind-marginal blackish (on third median
nervule), which usually occurs in the Natalian and Delagoa Bay speci-
mens of the typical $.

I do not remember to have seen, nor have I found auy record of,
any $ examples linking the variety Flavida with the typical $ ; but

PIERIN.E. 43

the form and position of the small dusky costal stripe in the former
reminds one of the similar marking in the $ Pcqnlio Mcriones, Feld.,
of Madagascar, and indicates (with the well-developed but not very
broad hind-marginal borders) the initial stage of the extraordinarily
developed dark markings which characterise the typical fonn. I have
suggested (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lonih, 1881, p. viii.) that the $ Saha may
be modified in mimicry of a common and evidently protected slow-
flying diurnal moth, Nyctemera ajpicalis, Walker, which has a very wide
African range, and possesses a near ally in ]\Iadagascar.

As I have noted {loc. cit., p. vii.), Colonel Bowker captured the paired
sexes near the XJmgeni, Natal, in January 1881, and I believe that this is the
only instance of such capture recorded in the case of tliis species. The two
specimens in question are ligured in Trails. Ent. Soc. Land., pi. ix. (188 1), the
$ being an individual with the marginal markings rather more pronounced
than usual, and the ? one of strongly developed black markings throughout.

The late Colonel Tower first made this species known to me as a South-
African native, having taken the $ at St. Lucia Bay. In 1872 the late Mr.
E. C. Buxton met with two of each sex on the Natal Coast (D'Urban and
Yerulam) during October.

The butterfly appears to be far from common in Natal. I did not meet
with it during my visit in 1867, and Colonel Bowker has sent only five
examples. From Delagoa Bay, Mrs. Monteiro has sent several of both sexes,
including two of the $ Yar. Flavida. A single $ of this variety occurred in
a collection made in Mashunaland, near the Zambesi, in 1S82, by Mr. F. C.
Selous.

The distribution of Saha in the Ethiopian Eegion is very wide, embracing
apparently a very large portion of the South-Tropical tracts and much of the
North-Tropical coast on the Western side. In Madagascar it would appear to
be rather numerous, being of frequent occurrence in collections sent from
thence. I have not found any notice of the particular haunts or habits of the
species. Colonel Bowker's Natalian specimens were taken in the month of
January.

Localities of Pieris Saha.

I. South- Africa.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (the late E. C. Buxton and /. H.

Boicker). Umgeni (J. H. Bou-ker). Verulam (the late E. C.

Buxton).
h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg {A. S. Windham).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toicer).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Loren§o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — " Angola (Poc/ge)." — Dewitz.

b. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer. " Zanzibar."— Kirby,

Cat. Hewits. Coll.

^ In marking, the nearest ally of the ? Saba is the 9 of the Malayan and Sumatran
Ci/nis, Hewits., figured by Mr. Distant {Rhop. Malay., pi. xxvi. f. 6) as Udaina Cynis. In
this ? the white is even more reduced in the fore-wings, the subapical spots being wanting,
and the luwer part of the discal band much narrower ; the black is, however, represented
by dull fuscous-brown, which is ill-defined in the hind-wings. The i Cynis has a broad
costal, apical, and hind-marginal black border in the fore-wings.

4+ SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

hi. Eastern Interior. — Mashunaland (F. C. Selous). " i^yassa." —
Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll.

bb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar {De Robillard). " Sainte-Marie
et Madagascar." — Boisduval.
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.—" Fernando Po ; Mungo and Victoria, Cameroons
{Buchhoh^r—Vloiz. Old Calabar.— Coll. Brit. Mus. "Lower
ISTiger {W. A. Forbes)." — Godman and Salvin. Abomey. — Coll.
Brit. Mus. Cape Coast Castle and Elmina {Bourlie). Sierra
Leone. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Senegal."— Boisduval.

25L (2.) Pieris Thysa, Hopffer.

$ ? Pieris Thysa, Hopff., " Monatsb. Iv. Akad. Wissensch, Berl, 1855,
p. 639, n. I ; " and Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 349, t. xxi. It'.
7, 8[c?], 9, io[$](i862).

$ Pieris Agathina, Var. A., Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29 (1862).

Var. $ , Belenois Sabrata, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 526.

Riy. al., {$) 2 in. 5J-7 lin. ; 2 in. 3-1 1 lin.

$ White, %oith large hiiicl-marginal nervidar black spots, united in
fore-wing to form an imoardly strongly dentated border, but all separate
in hind-iuing ; a submarginal roio of small intcr-nervidar black spots,
more developed in liind-vnng. Fore-iuing : costal margin with a narrow
black edging, scaled with white at and near base, and rather abruptly
widened a little before apex ; hind-marginal macular border continuous
as far as second median nervule, its component spots more or less tri-
gonate and inwardly acute ; a separate spot at extremity of first median
nervule, and a very small narrow one at extremity of submedian ner-
vure ; spots of submarginal row four, rounded, — three between costa
and lower radial nervule, very close to (or even touching) apical black,
— the fourth (often indistinct) apart from the rest, between third and
second median nervules ; base with a sub-metallic gloss, and with the
under side red faintly indicated. Hind-wing : six hind-marginal spots
of moderate size, rather widely separated, rounded, from second sub-
costal nervule to submedian nervure, — the third, fourth, and fifth larger
than the first and second, and the sixth much the smallest of all and
sublinear ; very rarely the trace of a seventh spot at extremity of first
subcostal nervule ; seven small spots in submarginal row, between costal
and submedian nervures, — of which the seventh is always, and the
fourth and sixth usually, very indistinct ; a faint ochrey-yellow edging
on inner margin for a little distance from anal angle. Under side. —
Hind-wing and smcdl apical patch of fore-wing creamy ochreous-yellow ;
hind-marginal spots much smaller and narrower, but submarginal spots
larger, darker, and better defined than on upper side. Forc-u'ing : a
narrow basal suffusion of orange-red, outwardly radiating slightly on
the white ground, but not reaching quite to middle of discoidal cell ; of
the seven hind-marginal spots, the u.pper four (bordering apical yellow)
are very small, or even obsolete, but the remaining three moderately

PIERIN.E. 45

developed, the lowest being larger than on upper side. Hind-iuing : on
costa a narrow scarlet-red edging for a little distance from base ; sub-
marginal spots inclining to be pointed inwardly, especially the fourth,
which is smaller and thinner than all the rest ; hind-marginal spots
greatly reduced, sublinear, crossed by yellow nervules, the upper three
obsolescent or sometimes obsolete. Cilia white, widely interrupted
with black at ends of nervules.

$ Hind-ivinff and (icsualli/) greater part of fore-iving paler or deeper
(j'ather didl) yellow-ochreous ; black markings, especially hind-marginal
ones of Jmid-u'ing, in some examples much larger than in $. Fore-icing :
basal reddish suffusion very much broader and sprinkled with grey
scales, — filling about three-fourths of discoidal cell ; disc sometimes
white, only submarginally tinged with yellow-ochreous, — sometimes all
faintly tinged with that colour, but more deeply so submarginally ;
lowest spot in submarginal row usually wanting ; hind-marginal series
of spots variable in development, but lowest spot always larger than
in $. Hind-wing : a wide basal reddish-grey speckled suffusion, reach-
ing from costa to submedian nervure and almost filling discoidal cell ;
submarginal spots (except the last) all larger and darker than in $ ;
hind-marginal spots in one specimen of the same form as, and no larger
than, in $, but in two others so enlarged as to be all but contiguous,
and sub-rhomboidal in form. Under side. — As in ^, hut scarlet suffu-
sion at base of fore-wing very much deep)er in tint, and so much enlarged
as to occupy threcfourths of discoidal cell and extend considerably below
it ; neuration whitish where on ochreous-yellow ground.

This species, in both sexes, is subject to variation in size, and in the
development of the hind-marginal spots ; and the ^ also varies much
in the proportion and extent of the general suffusion of dull yellow-
ochreous in the fore- wing. Dewitz records that in examples from
Chinchoxo, on the Loango Coast, the $ has no basal yellow on the
under side of the fore-wings, and the $ has the marginal markings
much more extended than in the Querimba examples described by
Hopffer. The variety named Sabrata by Butler is distinguished by its
small size, and by the brighter, richer colouring of the under side of
the $ : it is represented in the British Museum collection (1886) by
two $ s and a $ from Zanzibar.

Thysa is so remarkably like Agathina, Cram., in colouring and marking,
that its real alliance with the group represented by Calypso, Drury, is apt to
be overlooked; and up to 1866, when I had seen but one specimen (in the
collection of the British Museum), I was misled into regarding it as a variety
of Agathina. There can be little or no doubt that it directly mimics the
common and widely prevalent butterfly just named. ^ Though recorded over
rather a wide range in Africa south of the Equator, it appears to be every-
where scarce. Hopffer {op. cit.) states that the Peters Expedition brought a
few examples from Querimba. I met with a solitary $ in Natal on 22nd

^ It is very noticeable how closely the ? follows all the variations of tint exhibited by
the ? M. Agathina.

46 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

February 1867 ; it was flying pretty actively in a wood at the Uuililanga, and
was netted by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken, with whom I was on a collecting
excursion. Mr. W. Morant lent me in 1869, for description, a (J captured
near Pinetown, and Colonel Bowkcr sent a perfect specimen of the same sex
taken by him in that locality in June 1884, as well as a pair which he took
nearer D'Urban in 1881. Single examples have also reached me from Maritz-
burg and St. Lucia Bay, as well as three forwarded from Delagoa Bay by Mrs.
Monteiro. Moschler (Verk. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Gesellscli. Wien, 1883, p. 10)
notes the receipt of a $ from Baziya, east of the Bashee River in Katfraria
Proper ; and this is the southern limit of the range of the insect, as far as I
can discover. It is not improbable that Thysa is less rare than it appears to
be, as it might very often be passed over by collectors as the common M.
Agathina.^

Localities of Fieris Thysa.

I. South Africa.

D. Kaffraria Proper. — " Baziya {Baur and Hartmanu)" — Moschler.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (/. H. Bowher). Umhlanga. Pine-
town ( W. Morant and J. H. Bowlier).
h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg {S. Windham).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel R. Toioer).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Motiteiro).

II. Other African Regions.
A, South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — " Angola (J. J. Monteiro).'" — H. Druce. Congo.

— Coll. Brit. Mus. " Chinchoxo (Fallienstein)." — Dewitz.

b. Eastern Coast. — " Queriniba." — Hopffer. Zanzibar [Var. Sahrata,

Butl.].— Coll. Brit. Mus.

252. (3.) Pieris Pigea, Boisduval.

$ Pieris Pi'jea, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 523, n. 124 (1836).

^ „ "„ Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep. Rhop.

Caffr., p. 7 [nee ^ ].

^ Pinacopteryx ISimana, Wallgrn., op. cif., p. 10.

? Pieris Pigea, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29, n. 16 (1862) [nee S]-

^ Belenois inana, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1S70, p, 526.

Plate X. %. 5 {$), fig. S« (?)•

Ex2J. al, ($) I in. 10 lin.— 2 in. 2^ lin. ; ($) i in. i i lin.— 2 in.
2 lin.

$ Glossy grecnish-ivhite. Fore-iuing : a very narrow blackish mark
at base ; costa edged throughout by a black line ; a hind-marginal

1 No fewer than eleven specimens have been sent to me by Mr. A. D. Millar, who took
them in the vicinity of D'Urban, Natal. From the dates of capture kindly furnished by
Mr. Millar, I find that nine of these (six 6 s, three ? s) were taken in August and Sep-
tember 18S7 ; they are all smaller than usual, and have the hind-marginal black markings
decidedly reduced. The remaining two are a pair taken in cojyuld on the 29th January
1888 ; they are of large size, and both (but more especially the ? ) have the hind-marginal
markings strongly developed. The ? , indeed, has these markings (more particularly in
the hind-wings) larger and more extended inwardly than in any other example that I have
seen ; her fore-wings are almost pure white on the disc, but the reddish basal suffusion is
densely clouded with grey, and there is a separate patch of grey scales near posterior angle.

I suspect that the larger and more strongly marked specimens represent what is the
summer or wet-season brood. The ? that I took in February was also very large, and had
the dark markings much developed.

PIERIN.F. 47

series of seven very small but distinct black nervular spots from third
subcostal ncrvulo (at apex) to first median nervule ; about apex some
black scaling, forming a very narrow border, uniting more or less
incompletely the hind-marginal spots one to three or (rarely) four ; an
exceedingly slender black hind-marginal edging line from apex to third
median ner\nile. Hind-wing : a hind-marginal series of seven minute
black spots at extremities of nervules, of which those on median ner-
vules are best developed. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-
wing {rather widdf) vcrg pale didl-yclluvnsJi. Fore-wing : costa narrowly
tinged with dull-yellowish ; rarely a faint or very faint small discal
fuscous spot between third and second median nervules ; apical pale-
yellowish very narrowly continued along hind-margin to about first
median nervule ; hind-marginal spots either wanting entirely or ex-
tremely minute. Hind-ioing : costa narrowly edged with ochre-yellow
from close to base almost to extremity of costal nervure ; a discal row
of five more or less indistinct small fuscous inter-nervular spots (of
which the third, between third and second median nervules, is best
expressed), between second subcostal nervule and submedian nervure ;
hind-marginal spots as on upper side.

$ Fore-icing tinged loith pale ochrcous-yclloio on margins ; hind-wing
icholly pale ochreous-yclloiv ; dark markings larger generally than in $.
Fore-wing : ochreous-yellow tinge sometimes more or less faintly per-
vading the whole area, but always more developed marginally, especially
about apex and narrowly along hind-margin ; costal margin from base
usually more or less thinly sprinkled with fuscous ; a conspicuous fuscous
spot on disc hetivccn third and second median nervules, and usually an
ill-defined diffused fuscous mark between first median nervule and sub-
median nervure (sometimes vaguely extended to posterior angle by
fuscous scaling below submedian nervure) ; rarely the faint trace of a
third, much smaller spot, between second and first median nervules ;
nervular hind-marginal spots larger (sometimes very much larger) and
longer, and including an additional one, smaller than the rest, at
extremity of submedian nervure. Hind-%uing : neuration marked with
whitish ; hind-marginal spots always larger, and usually conspicuous ;
usually the more or less indistinct traces of a curved discal row of
small fuscous spots between second subcostal nervule and submedian
nervin-e. Under side. — Rind-wing and aptical and marginal yelloiu of
fore-iving rather deeper in tint than on upper side, and altogether different
from the colouring of the $ ; ^ hind-marginal spots rarely much larger
than in $, and in fore-wing sometimes wanting. Forc-iving : upper
discal spot darker than above ; lower one better defined, very much
smaller, not diffused ; trace of intermediate spot seldom present. Hind-
wing : six inter-nervular spots in curved discal row constant in number,
small, somewhat diffused, and ill-defined ; costal edging from base
orange-red, wider than in $, and faintly continued beyond middle.

^ In the figure of the i, pi. x. fig. 5, the yellow of the under side is too deep and
decided in tint.

48 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

A specimen of the $ sent from Pinetown, Natal, in 1869 by Mr.
W. Morant is remarkable for having the hind-wings white except for
a faint ochreous-yellow suffusion in basal third, and a very narrow
ochreous-yellow hind-marginal border like that of the fore- wings ;
while the yellowish of the under side is but little darker than in
the $. A similar ^, but much worn, was taken (paired with the $)
near D'Urban by Colonel Bowker in 1879.

I had not seen the ^ Pi/jra in 1862, but mistakenly took for
it the $ of the closely-allied but smaller P. alba, Wallengr. Colonel
Bowker sent only $ s from Kaffraria Proper, but I met with both sexes
on the Natal coast in 1867.

Wallengren {loc. cit.) describes what purports to be "P. Simana
(Hpfr.) $ ; " but his description is undoubtedly that of a ^, and agrees
thoroughly with the characters of the $ Pigea ; moreover, in some
rough sketches of types seut by this author to Mr. W. F. Kirby, and
kindly lent by the latter for my inspection, " P. Simana, Hpfr.,"
is undoubtedly the representation of a ^, and to all appearance that of
Pigea.

Colonel BoAvker has sent mo four pairs of the sexes captured in copula ;
three of these were received in 1879, and one in 1881. The c? s of these
pairs differ in size only, but one of the ? s (as noted above) is abnormally pale.

I found this species rather numerous near D'Urban and Yerulara, on the
coast of Natal, in February, March, and April 1867. It was active on the
wing, keeping to open places about the borders of woods, and reminding one
(except for the deeper yellow of the females) of the abundant Pieris Eapce
of Europe. It ranges to Kinsembo in Congoland, and is reported by M.
Oberthiir to have been received from widely separated localities in Tropical
Eastern Africa.

Localities of Pieris Pigea.
I. South Africa.

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Bowlier).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam. YvaQioswi {W. Morant).
K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom (7'. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Congoland : " Kinsembo {H. Ansell)." — Butler.

B. North Tropical.

h. Eastern Coast. — Red Sea: " Massowah (Raffray)." — Oberthiir.
bi. Eastern Interior. — " Lake Tsana {Raffray)." — Oberthiir. " Shoa
{Antinori)." — Oberthiir.

253. (4.) Pieris alba, (Wallengren).

$ Finacopteryx alba, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep.

Rhop. Caffr., p. 10, n. 7.
9 Pieris Pigea, $ , Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 29, n. 16 (1862).

Pxp. al, ($) I in. 10-^ lin. — 2 in. I lin. ; ($) I in. 10 lin. —
2 in. o^ lin.

PIERINiE. 49

Closely allied to Pigca, Boisd., but smaller.

^ Glossy greenish-wliite. Forc-iciiicj : a very narrow basal black
mark ; costa with a very fine linear black edging throughout ; this
edging faintly continued from apex along hind-margin to about
extremity of second median nervule ; about apex some very limited
blackish scaling immediately precedes black edging ; spots at extre-
mities of nervules either wanting altogether or exceedingly minute.
Hind-wing : usually an exceedingly minute spot at extremity of each
nervule and of submedian nervure. Under side. — Hind-iuing and
apex of fore-wing glistening greyish-creamy with a slight innhish
tinge. Fore-wing : tint of apical area extending and gradually narrow-
ing along costa and along hind-margin to between second and first
median nervules ; no hind-marginal nervular spots. Hind-wing : a
narrow orange edging on costa as in Pigea ; sometimes the traces of
an indistinct discal series of grey spots ; no hind-marginal nervular
spots.

$ Dull-ivhite, tinged with pale-yelloiuish on margins {more promi-
nently in hind-icing, which is rarely all tinged witli yellow). Fore-wing :
costa with a pale-brownish border above costal nervure ; apical blackish
usually wider than in ^ and more continuous than in Pigea ; hind-
marginal blackish also better developed ; nervular spots very small
(that at extremity of submedian nervure minute), but almost always
distinct ; a fuscous spot (sometimes ill-defined or occasionally almost
obsolete) between third and second median nervules. Hind-vnng :
hind-marginal spots very small or minute, but almost always present.
Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-wing varying from almost the
same tint as in ^ to pale, deep., or very deep ochre-yellow ; hind-marginal
spots wanting altogether in fore-wing, very minute (rarely wanting) in
hind-wing. Fore-wing : discal fuscous spot always present, rarely
indistinct. Hind-wing : discal row of spots situated as in Pigca, but
seldom well-defined, sometimes partly (and in one specimen almost
wholly) obsolete.

In addition to its smaller size and (in the $ s and paler $ s) re-
markably glistening, satin-like under side, Alha presents in both sexes
a more acute apical outline in the fore- wings, and in the $ a much less
development of yellow on the upper side of the hind-wings. I think
it clear, from the description given by Wallengren making no mention
of the discal spot on the fore-wings on either surface, that only $
examples reached that author. The $ s of the ochre-yellow coloration
beneath are more frequently met with than those of the paler tint
resembling the $ s.

I dill not find P. A/ha. diu'ing my summer sojourn in Xatal ; but the late
Mr. j\I'Kon sent down from D'lJrban many specimens of both sexes in the
years 1869 and 1870, and Colonel Bowker has forwarded several from the same
locality, including the paired sexes captured on 2 2d August 1878. The only
month of capture noted on Colonel Bowkcr's examples is August, and I am
VOL. III. D

50 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

disposed to think that Alha makes its appearance on the wing only in the
■winter or dry season.^

Some dated specimens since received from Mr. Alfred D. Millar tend to
confirm this view, a ^ having been captured on the 15th August and three $ s
and a $ on the 17th September 1887. It is not impossible that Alba may be
the winter brood of Pigea.

Localities of Pieris Alha.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken,' J. II. Boioker).
D'Urban District {T. Ay res). INIalvern (/. //. Bo^vlcer). Pine-
town ( W. Morant). Mouth of Tugela River (J. H. Bowker).

254. (5.) Pieris Simana, Hopffer.

^ 5 Pieris Simana, Hopff., " Monatsb. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berl., 1855,
p. 640, n. 13;" and Peters' Reise IMossamb., Ins., p. 354, t. xxiii.
tf. Z,a[S\ 5, 6[$](i862).

(J Pieris Pigea, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet. -Akad. Ilandl. ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr.,
p. 7 [nee $ ].

i:xp. al., ($) I in. 9^-11 lin. ; ($) 1 in. 11 lin.

Very closely allied to Charina, Boisd.

^ Greenish-tvhite with a bright pearly lustre ; hasal and 7iiarginal
blackish markings quite as in Charina. Under side. — Almost without
marking, as lohite as wppcr side ; the hind-iving and ajMx of fore-wing
very rarely with the faintest tinge of yellowish. Fore-iving : terminal
nervular black dots exceedingly minute ; terminal disco-cellular fuscous
dot very minute ; in Querimba specimen (apud HopfFer), a good-sized
rounded, discal, fuscous spot, like that in ^, between third and second
median nervules. Hind-ioing : irroration either wholly wanting or
extremely faint and limited ; spots of basal area and discal row very
vaguely and only partly represented, the more constant and less indis-
tinct being the spots below median nervure and the costal spot of
discal row ; terminal disco-cellular spot distinct ; costa at base with
more distinct orange-yellow edging line.

^ More yellowish than ^, and rather more so than $ Charina ;
blackish markings generally more developed than in Charina. Fore-iving :
basal dusky suffusion wider ; spots of costal streak beyond middle
confluent, not separable ; hind-marginal spots enlarged and confluent
into a quite continuous, rather wide border, with acute inward nervular
projections. Hind-wing : hind-marginal nervular spots larger than in
Charina, sub-sagittiform, acutely-pointed outwardly. Under side. —

1 Colonel Bowker has since forwarded three pairs taken in copula at Malvern, near
D'Urban, in May 1888. Two of the ? s are of the pale, more glossy, under-side colouring,
while the third presents a deep ochre-yellow hue, and has the upper side of the hind-wings
generally but unequally tinted with pale ochre-yellow.

PIEKIX.E. 51

Hi7id-wing and apex of fore-wing more or less yellounsh, hut ■without,
or almost witJiout, any irroration. Fore-iving : costal Ijar beyond middle
obsolete ; a faint yellowish suffusion in basal area ; discal blackish
spot well-marked. Hind-wing : markings as indistinct as in $ ; orange
edging on costa from base more developed, extending almost to end of
costal nervure.

Wallengren's note {loc. cit.) of '' p)Osti'^^^ maris ulrinqne albis" ren-
ders it clear that he had not before him in association with the ?
Pigea, Boisd., the actual $ of that species (in which the under side of
the hind-wings is pale dull-yellowish), but the $ Simana, Ilopff.,^ to
which alone among the males of the South-African species of this
group the character in question belongs.

The larger size of both sexes, the white under-side of the $, and
almost spotless and unirrorated nature of that surface in both $ and
^, and the greater development of the blackish markings on the upper
side of the $, are the principal features distinguishing Simana from
Charina. The singular character which Hopffer gives of the presence
in the $ of the discal blackish spot between third and second median
ner\Tiles on the under side of the fore-wing is entirely wanting in the
seven Natalian $ s before me. I feel doubtful whether this form should
be considered as more than a variety of Charina, Boisd. ; hitherto I
have seen no examples linking it to the specimens of Charbia which
are little irro rated on the under side.

D'Urban, in iS^atal, is the only locality known to me for this butterfly
within South- African limits. The first ? example I saw was one taken by
i\rr. W, ]\Iorant in November 1869 ; before then I had referred two c? s which
I captured in February 1867 to Charina. Several (^sand a ? were received
at the South-African IMuseum in 1870 from the late Mr, M. J. M^Ken ; and
in November 1881 Colonel Bowker sent me a pair taken in copula. The ^
of tins pair has only the very faintest traces of a few spots on the under side
of the hind-wing, and tlie $ is slightly yellowish-tinged on the upper side, but
distinctly pale-yellowish on the under side.^

Localities of Picris Simayia.

I, South Africa.

E, Natal,

a. Coast Districts, — D'Urban.

II, Other African Regions,
A. South Tropical.

h. Eastern Coast. — Querimba.

^ Wallengren has, in fact {vide supra, p. 46), referred the true S Pigea to Simana,
Hopff., 9 .

^ Altogether .similar po,ired sexes, captured on loth December 1887 at D'Urban, have
been kindly forwarded to me by Mr. A. D. Millar. Colonel Bowker has also sent a
further pair, with the 9 rather whiter beneath, taken together at Malvern, near D'Urban, in
May 18S8.

52 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

255. (6.) Pieris Oharina, Boisduval.

S $ Pieris Gharina, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lo-p., i. p. 525, n. 128 (1836).
(J $ „ „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 30, n. 17 (1862).

Plate X. fig. 4 {$).

Exf. al, {$) I in. 8l-io|- lin. ; ($) i in. 7I-9 lin.

^ Grecnish-ichite, luith a hright 'pcarhj lustre, most hrilliant near
bases of iving. Fore-iuing : base blackish ; costa narrowly edged with
blackish, wider so close to apex ; on hind-margin a row of black dots,
lessening towards anal angle, one at extremity of each nervule, but
none at extremity of submedian nervure. Hind-ioing : a series of
seven minnte black dots (rarely absent) along hind-margin, at extre-
mities of nervules ; base more or less blackish.

Under side. — Varialle. Fore-wing: a very small black dot at
extremity of discoidal cell ; costa narrowly, apex hroaclly, tinged with
very pale dull-yelloivisli, sprinhlcd more or less thichly with dark-grey
dots. Eind-iving : entirely of the same pcde-yellowish, thieliy sininkled
with grey atoms ; costa at base tinged with pialc hright green, and some-
times faintly edged with yellow ; a distinct black dot at extremity of
discoidal cell ; some dark-grey ill-defined spots near base, arranged
transversely ; beyond middle, parallel to hind-margin, a band of about
seven darker spots, commencing on costa with a rather conspicuous
larger mark ; hind-marginal dots larger than those in fore-ioing. (The
grey irroration of the under side is often very thinly sprinkled, and is
frequently altogether wanting in the central portion of the hind-wing.)

$ PMthcr more yclloivish than $, hut vjith the same pearly lustre,
which is indeed considerahly more extended in hasal area of fore-wing.
Fore-iving : a more or less distinct disco-cellular dot ; beyond middle a
row of brownish spots parallel to hind-margin, consisting of three small
spots forming a streak from costa almost to lower radial nervule, and a
rounded larger spot between third and second median nervules ; occa-
sionally a fifth indistinct diffused spot between first median nervule
and inner margin ; spiots on hind-margin very much larger than in $,
contiguous, somewhat rhomboidal inform, {in some instances almost form-
ing a margined stripe), the last spot on submedian nervure. Hind-
wing : dots on hind-margin larger than in ^, but not one-fourth the
size of those in fore-wiug; occasionally a row of spots beyond middle,
similar to that on under side of $, but not so distinct. Under side. —
As in ^, but often with hind- wing and apex of fore-wing of a more
decided yellow tint. Fore-iuing : the spots beyond middle faintly
marked ; hind-marginal dots barely larger than in ^ ; base faintly
tinged with very pale greenish-yellow.

In Boisduval's description of this species, the examples in which
the under-side irroration is wanting or slight are typical, while those
deusely irrorated constitute his Varii'te B.

PIERIN^. 53

There are many iutermediato grades in both sexes, but I noticed
at Knysna, in the Cape Colony, that while in the late spring and
early summer the densely-irrorated form prevailed, in the autumn it
was almost always the rather larger sparsely-irrorated specimens that
were met with. A densely-irrorated $, received from Colonel Bowker,
was taken at Iving William's Town, however, as late as i st May ; but
in January and February 1870 all the examples I captured near
Grahamstown were sparsely irrorated. In August 1865 I took a $
intermediate in irroration near D'Urban, Natal.

Charina is well distinguished homFigea,'Boisd., and Alha,'Wal\engr.,
by its smaller size and much more lustrous surface gloss in both sexes,
and by the costal macular streak beyond the middle of the fore-wings
in the $, while its under side in both sexes, apart from the variable
dark irroration, presents a dark terminal disco-cellular spot and several
other dark marks in the basal ai-ea. There is no tendency to yellow
on the upper side of the hind-wing of the $ Charina, and on the
imder side, when a yellow tint prevails, it is exceedingly pale and dull.

The figure (Plate X. fig. 4) represents a ^ of the densely-irrorated
form, but does not give the under side with sufficient accuracy, the
irrorations being much too rufous as well as the spots, and the latter
on the disc being run together into a streak instead of being kept
separate.

Wherever woods extend on the eastern side of South Africa this butterfly
seems to be found in some abundance. It flies actively, and at Knysna I often
observed a good many specimens congregated about flowering bushes. On the
6th February 1870 I saw a large number, in company Avith even greater flights
of P. Gidica and Severina, flying for some hours over the long liill at High-
lands, near Grahamstown; though all going onward in the same direction,
many of them occasionally stopped to visit flowers, and then resumed their
journey. Mrs. Barber informed me that at the beginning of Kovember 1867
immense flights of these three species, with the addition of many P. Zochalia,
passed over Highlands for three consecutive days in the same direction, not-
withstanding several changes of Avind during that time.

I have not found any record of Charina's occurrence beyond South Africa
proper, but the very closely-related Simana, Hopffer, Avhich is perhaps only
a variety of Charina^ inhabits Tropical East Africa.

Localities of Pier is Charina.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Knysna. Plettenberg Bay.
h. Eastern Districts. Port Elizabeth (TF. D' Urban). Uilenhage
{S. D. Bairstoic). Grahamstown. Kowie Eiver (/. L. Fry),
and Kleinemond River (H. J. Atherston). Bathurst District.
King William's Town (IF. D'Urban and /. H. Boiclier).
D. Kaffraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashce Eiver (/. H. Boiulcer).

^ Two (5 s from this localit}', captured by Mr. A. D. Millar on 17th September 18S7, are
also of this intermediate deirree of under-side irroration.

54 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, " Lower Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker.
h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Estcourt (/, M. Ilutcliinson).
Colenso ( W. Morant).

F. Zululand.— Coll. Biit. Mus.

256. (7.) Pieris Spilleri, Staudinger.

c? 9 Pieris Spilleri, Staud., Entom. Nachrichten, 1884, iv. p. 52; and

Exot. Schmett. i. pi. 18 (1884) [S\
c? ? ,, ,, Spiller, Entomologist, 1884, p. 62.

1 Var. ^ , Pieris Gallenga, H. G. Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 5tli
Ser., xix. p. 62 (1887). ^

Exp. al., (^) I in. 7-8 lin. ; (?) 1 in. 6-S lin.

$ Bright sulphur-yellow ; fore-iviiig with a narrow fuscous apical
edging. Forc-xoing : base very narrowly but strongly marked with
fuscous ; costa very thinly edged with a black line ; ajjical edging
beginning a little before apex, and continued along part of hind-
margin by three nervular spots, of which the last, smallest, and least
distinct is on second median nervule. Hind-n-ing : without marking
of any kind. Under side. — Almost uniform sulj^hur-yellow, rather
paler than on nppcr side (especially towards inner margin of fore-wing) ;
or %oith the hind-wing and apiccd area of fore-wing of a slightly deeper
yellow. Himl-wing : on disc some indistinct or all but obsolete traces
of small faint, fuscous spots, most apparent between median nervules,

$ Yelloio less h right tlcan in $. Fore-wing : costa not with a
bounding black line, but with a pale-reddish tinge, especially near
base ; apical hind-marginal border duller and less distinct. Ukder
SIDE. — Hind-ioing and costal and. apical hind-marginal area of fore-
wing ijale ochreous-yelloiv ivith a slight reddish tinge. Fore-wing : base
very slightly tinged with orange-yellow, extending along costa. Hind-
wing : costa at base thinly edged with orange-yellow ; four discal
spots better marked than in ^, but very indistinct.

Second form of ^. — Fore-iving dull-whitish; hind-iuing clull-
yelloivish. Fore-wing : base with a very faint yellowish basal suffusion ;
apical hind-marginal border much fainter and duller than i7i ^, hut
imceh broader {especially at ajjex), and i^rolonged as far as posterior angle.
Hind-uring : a pale orange-yellow suffusion from base, filling discoidal
cell and extending for some distance below and beyond it ; hind-
margin sulphur-yellow ; a row of 5—6 indistinct small fuscous spots
at extremities of nervules. Under side. — Faler and clearer than upper
side ; both wings white, edged cdmost throughout with sidphur-yellow,
which is hrigldest on costa near base and in fore-wing about apex. Fore-

1 Mr, H, G. Smith kindly showed me two Delagoa Bay specimens presenting the pecu-
liarities on which he afterwards founded the new species Gallenrja. They were smaller than
usual [exp. al. i in. 4J lin.), with the apical edging of fore-wing reddish-brown and very
narrow, and the under side of the hind-wing and of tlie apex of the fore-wing tinged with
reddish.

FIERI NiE. 55

wing : basal suffusion distinct, pale orange-yellow. Hind-wing : discal
spots larger, but indistinct.

Dr. Staudinger, who received six specimens from Mr. Spiller, notes
that, of the two females among them, one was as yellow as the males,
while the other was of the form just described. Mr. Spiller (loc. cit.)
does not mention this difference in the $ s ; but he writes : " Described
from twelve specimens taken in Natal, six of which are in my own
collection, and the remainder in the possession of Dr. Staudinger."

I agree with Dr. Staudinger in placing this very distinct species
in the Gharina and Pigca group of Picris, and think it on the whole
nearer to Pigea ; especially in respect of the second form of $, which,
except for the want of discal spots in the fore-wing, is not unlike a
miniature $ of the latter butterfly. The bright yellow of the $
(exactly that of the ^ " Brimstone" butterfly (Gonepteryx Ehamni) of
Europe), which also characterises one form of the $, at once dis-
tinguishes P. Spilleri from its near congeners.

Through the kindness of Mr. H. Grose Smith I had, in August
1884, the opportunity of examining a ^ and yellow $ received by
him from Delagoa Bay, and almost simultaneously the South-African
Museum received from the same locality a $ and dull-tinted % taken
by Mrs. Monteiro.

Mr. Spiller (loc. cit.) writes : " This species is evidently very rare in Natal ;
its flight is rapid, and cannot be confounded with the similarly-coloured species
of the genus Terias, these latter insects being feeble flyers." He does not
state in the place quoted the locality of the species ; but, in a previous com-
munication to the same journal {Entomologist, 1882, p. 6), he mentions "a
lovely canary-coloured Pieris, which I met with frequently in the woods on
the Zululand border," — which I presume was the insect under notice.

Colonel Bowker, on 27th June 1888, met with this species on the coast of
Natal, " about half a mile from the sea, between the Tongaati and Umhloti
rivers." He sent me six $ s and a yellow ? , with the note that the $ s
were numerous and active, and flying in company with Terias Brigitta, from
Avliich they could be distinguished by their canary-yellow tint. In the net
this species was fragile in a very marked degree. It frequented tlie bush only,
coming out of the thickets, flying down the edge for some distance, and then
re-entering the cover ; the flight was low, about two or three feet from tho
ground.

Colonel Bowker subsequently found a ,^ in a collection made near D'Urban
in 1877, and notes that two were noticed on the wing at the Umkomazi
by Mr. F. Barber on 7th July 1888. He is of opinion that it is a common
winter butterfly along the Natal coast, but has hitherto escaped notice owing
to its resemblance to the species of Terias.

Localities of Pieris Spillcri.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal. — 1 Tugela Eiver.

a. Coast Districts. — Between Tongaati and Umhloti (/. H. Boioker).
"D'Urban and Umkomazi." — J. H. Bowker.
H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o j\Iarques [Mrs. Monteiro).

56 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

257. (8.) Pieris Ogygia, Trimen.

(? $ Pieris 0(j//[fia, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 356.

Plate XI. fig. 2 (?).

Ux}}. al., ($) 2 in. i lin. ; ($) 2 in. 6^ lin.

$ White, with Hack marJcinjs. Forc-iving : costa edged very nar-
rowly with black ; base with a slight pearly gloss ; at extremity of cell
an oblique angulated transverse streak, commencing rather widely just
below costa, narrowing much to angle (where it is narrowest), and
thence abruptly broad to its termination ; a rather narrow apical and
hind-marginal border (widest at apex), rather sharply indenting the
white on nervules, ending abruptly on first median nervule ; at extre-
mity of submedian nervure a small spot, quite separate from hind-
marginal border ; immediately before border, four rather small spots,
of which three form an oblique row from costa (the first touching apical
border), and the fourth is between second and third median nervules
and rather indistinct. Hincl-ioing : on hind-margin six nervular spots,
all (except that at end of submedian nervure, which is small and almost
linear) large, subovate, well separated. Under side. — Binl-ioing and
apex of fore-vnng pale chrome-yellow ; ncrvurcs of hind-iving universally
hlach. Fore-ioing : in upper part of cell, for a little distance from
base, a flush of orange ; disco-cellular terminal stripe fainter than on
upper side, commencing a little farther from costa ; four submarginal
spots distinct ; apical yellow extending narrowly to about middle of
hind-margin ; a hind-marginal row of seven small inwardly-acuminate
black nervular spots. Hind-wing : costa, from base to before middle
edged with orange-red ; a submarginal row of seven inter- ner-vular,
small, subsagittate black spots, of which the middle or fourth one is
very small ; hind-marginal spots all smaller than on upper side (except
that at the end of submedian nervure, which is larger), narrow, flat-
tened, sub-rhomboidal, well separated ; a faint blackish dot on each
side of first median nervule near its origin ; on fold between median
and submedian nervures, for a little distance from base, a very faint
orange streak.

$ Similar to $, hut co7isideraUy larger. Hind-icing : a submar-
ginal row of five small blackish spots, corresponding to the sub-sagittate
ones of the under side, but wanting the first and last spots. Under
SIDE. — Fore-wing : basal flush of orange wider. Hind-wi7ig : a black line
marks middle part of fold between median and submedian nervures.

This species partakes of the characters of both P. Calypso, Drury,
and Zochalia, Boisd. ; it is, perhaps, on the whole, more nearly allied
to the latter, especially as regards the ^. Ogygia is distinguished from
Zochalia by having in the fore-wing (i) a narrower, more angulated,
disco-cellular streak, and (2) a much narrower apical and hind-mar-
ginal border, enclosing no white spots; and in the hind-wing (3)

PIERIN.'E. 57

mucli rounder hind-marginal spots, not acuminate inwardly (or united
by the festooned line often found in Zochalia). On the under side
(4) the yellow colouring is much brighter ; ( 5 ) the fore-wing has a
basal flush of orange, and (6) only four separated submarginal spots
instead of a continuous band ; while in the Idnd-iving (7) the nervures
are much more narrowly black, and (8) the cellular striic and festooned
submarginal line are wanting.

From Ccdypso the butterfly is readily separated by its smaller size
and much narrower black border of the fore-wings, as well as, on the
under side, by its black nervures and very much smaller submarginal
black spots of the hind-wing, and the want in the same wing of the
conspicuous terminal disco-cellular black spot. In the ^ there is no
resemblance to that of Calypso, which has a broad dusky border, and
ground suffused with yellow and grey, — much like those presented by
the darker $ s of Gidica, Boisd.

The male above described was sent to me by Mr. Walter Morant in 1869,
and I then made a description and drawing of the specimen, Avhich the captor
believed was taken near Pinetown, in Natal, where he was resident at the
time. The 5 here described and figured Avas taken by the late Mr. M. J.
M'lven at D'Urban in 1866 ; but being unset, and, I believe, on the same pin
with several other butterflies, had escaped notice in a collection received by the
South- African Museum.

It occurs to me as not impossible that this may be the butterfly referred to
Calypso by Boisduval in the Appendix to Delegorgue's Travels (p. 5 86), with
the habitat of Port Natal, — the 9 O'jygia having been taken for the (J Calypso.
No South- African specimens of the latter species have ever come under my
notice.

Localities of Pieris Ogygia.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {M. J. M'Ken). Pinetown {W.
Morant).

258. (9.) Pieris Zochalia, Boisduval.

Pieris Zochalia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 506, n. 100 (1836).
(J $ ,, Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 37, n. 22 (1862).

Plate X. fig. 6 (?).

Exp. al, (^) 2 in. ; (g) i in. i i lin.-2 in. 3 lin.

^ White, with black markings. Fore-iving : costa from base nar-
rowly black-edged ; basal half of wing with a hrilliant pearly gloss ;
a short black terminal disco- cellular bar from costa, contracted in its
middle portion ; a deep black band on hind-margin, narrowing to a
poiut at anal angle, irregularly excavate on its inner edge, and gene-
rally containing five sub-triangular white spots, of which the fourth is
occasionally almost obsolete. Hind-ioing : generally a very short, thin

58 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

black line or streak at extremity of discoidal cell ; on hind-margin a
row of six sub-rhomboidal black SjDots, generally united by a very
faint regularly festooned blackish streak, which touches their inner
extremity ; base slightly glossed with a pearly lustre. Under side.
— Fore-iuing : similar in marking; marginal band much larger than
on upper side, of a j;«/e greyish-yellow, only separated by the black-
clouded nervules. Hincl-iving : entirely pale greyish-yelloio ; all the ner-
vules hroadly defined ivltJi Uach ; festooned submarginal streak much
darker and well developed, and presenting an additional separate por-
tion (beyond middle, but before the main portion) between costa and
second subcostal nervule ; spots on hind-margin much thinner than
on upj)er side, sublinear ; costa at base edged with bright-yellow ; a
bifid black longitudinal streak in discoidal cell, and a simple similar
streak between median and submedian ner\T.ires, becoming bright-
yellow near base ; a short transverse diffused black mark from extremity
of discoidal cell to near middle of submedian nervure, and a similar
shorter mark between median and submedian nervures before middle.

$ All Hack marhings hroadcr than in $. Hind-iving : usually
creamy ochre-yellow. Fore-icing : white spots in hind-marginal border
always smaller and diffused, sometimes tinged with yellowish, occa-
sionally almost obsolete ; costal transverse bar very variable in breadth ;
when broadest, not, or very slightly, constricted in the midde. Hind-
wing : submarginal festooned streak usually complete and well-marked,
as on under side, but variable in development ; hind-marginal spots
sometimes so large as almost to touch each other. Under side. —
Hind- wing and apical hind-marginal border of fore- wing usually of a
clearer yellow than in $, inclining to lemon-yellow. Fore-tving : a
rather narrow basal suffusion of orange-yellow. Hind-iving : a short
faint edging of orange-yellow on costa a little before apex.

I have captured three unusually small individuals of this species,
viz., a ^ (exp. i in. 9 lin.) and a ^ (exp. only i in. 5! lin.) at
Knysna, and another $ (exp. i in. 8 lin.) at Port Elizabeth, Cape
Colony.

The $, as a rule, has the upper side of hind-wings ochre-yellow,
and that of the fore-wings sometimes has a very faint tinge of lemon-
yellow. The two ^ s in my collection, which resemble the ^ in having
the upper side of the hind-wings white, I took at Knysna.

Specimens of both sexes from the Eastern districts of the Cape
Colony, Kaffraria, and Natal are usually a little larger than the typical
form from Knysna district, and they almost always have the yellow of
the under side clearer and more decided, with an inclination to the
tint of sulphur. A ^ taken by Colonel Bowker at Malvern, near
D'Urban, Natal, in August 1885, has the under-side yellowish dull
and pale, as in the type form, but on the upper side the white hind-
wings have a moderately wide border of pale sulphur-yellow all along
the hind-margin. Another $ (without label of locality, but taken, I

PIERIN-K 59

believe, iu Kaftraria by Coloiu'l Bowker) is singular in having the
hind-marginal spots of the hind-wings so greatly reduced on the
iipper side that they are smaller and more linear in form than the cor-
responding spots are on the under side.

In the pattern of the black borders, and the size and shape of the
white spots which they enclose, the $ Zochalia most resembles on the
upper side the $ Severina, Cram., but is at once distinguished by the
terminal disco-cellular bar from costa, which is very black and sharply
defined, and nearly as broad as in the $ Mescntina, Cram. In both
sexes the width of the basal pearly gloss in the fore- wings is a distinctive
feature, as well as the thin not diffused blackish neuration of the under
side of the hind-wings. The $ differs greatly from the same sex of
both Severina and Mesentina in the hind-marginal border of the hind-
wings, which, instead of being very broad, dusky, and almost spotless, is
almost as narrow and lightly festoon-edged inwardly as in the $. The
tendency to have the upper side of the hind-wings only yellow — and
that of a deep clear tint — is also a special character of the $ Zochalia
among its immediate congeners.

This species appears to be peculiar to South Africa, and to be more pre-
valent in the Cape Colony than elsewhere. I found it numerous in wooded
places at Knysna and Plettenberg Bay, and not uncommon near Grahamstown.
In Xatal I did not meet with it, and only a few examples have reached me
from that Colony and Kafiraria Proper, A single specimen was sent from the
Transvaal by Mr. T. Ayres. It is quite sylvan in its haunts, never being found
far from woods, but chiefly delighting in flying piretty briskly along their edges,
or in open places on their outskirts, settling often on floAvers. I have captured
it from the end of September to the middle of February, and once took a speci-
men (at Knysna) as late as the 7th May.

Localities of Picris Zochalia.

I. Soutli Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. AYestern Districts.— Knysna and Plettenberg Bay.
h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Grahamstown. King Wil-
liam's Town (TF. S. M. D' Urban).

D. Kaff'raria Proper. — Moutli of Kei River and Bashee River {J. H.

Bo'wker).

E. Katal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban {J. H. Bowker).

F. " Zululand." — Boisduval.

K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District (?'. Ayres). Eureka, near Bar-
berton (C. F. Palmer).

259. (10.) Pieris Mesentina, (Cramer).

$ Papilio Mescntina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. cclxx. fi". A, b (1782).

$ Papilio Aurota, Fab., Ent. Syst., iii. i, p. 197, n. 614 (1793).

S ? Pieris Mesentina, GoJt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 130, n. 34 (181 9).

(? ? „ „ BoisJ., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 501, n. 95 (1836).

6o SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

$ Pinacoptery.e Sijriux, Wallungr., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., iv. p. 34,

n. 4 (i860).
^ Pieris Mesentina, Hopff., Peters' Eeise Mossamb., Ins., p. 352 (1862).
S 9 „ „ Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 35, 11. 21 (1862).

? Pieris Lordaca, Walk., Entomologist, 1870, p. 48.
Larva and Pupa {Indian), Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ]\Ius., i.
pi. xii. ff. 9, 9a (1857).

Exp. al, Q) 2 in. 0-3 lin. ; ($) i in. 10 lin.— 2 in. 3I lin.

^ White, with blackish borders. Fore-wing : costa narrowly edged
with black, and bordered with greyish above discoidal cell ; a curved
black transverse streak, thickest at its lower extremity, at end of cell ;
a black hind-marginal border, with a very irregular inner edge, nar-
rowing to a point at posterior angle, and containing in its upper half
six elongate somewhat triangular white marks ; base with a slight
pearly gloss. Head-wing : a hind-marginal black border, containing
incompletely (owing to more or less obsolescent inner edge) four large
subovate white spots ; base with a pearly gloss. Under side. — Similar
in marking ; hind-iving faintly tinged with yellowish. Fore-vytng : spots
in hind-marginal border larger, better defined ; a black streak between
costal and subcostal nervures from base to ujDper end of disco-cellular
terminal transverse streak. Hind-iving : all the neuration clouded
with blackish ; costa and a longitudinal streak between median and
submedian nervures tinged from base with chrome-yellow ; a yellow
edo-ing before middle of inner margin ; a blackish transverse stripe
from extremity of discoidal cell to longitudinal streak just mentioned,
and another from end of costal nervure to second subcostal nervule ; hind-
marginal border completely enclosing five spots of the ground-colour,

$ Varying from yellowish-ivhitc to dull-yclloivish ; markings miieh
as in $, but all broader. Fore-wing : curved bar at extremity of cell
connected with base by a black costal stripe ; spots in hind-marginal
border small and ill-defined, or sometimes wanting. Hind-wing : a
linear transverse mark at extremity of cell ; beyond middle a blackish
subcostal marking, sometimes united to hind-marginal border; four
somewhat rounded spots in border, sometimes obliterated. Under
SIDE. — Hind-wing and apical spots of fore-wing tvhitish, more or less
tinged and clouded with chrome-yellow. Fore-iving : a basal sufiVision
of rather dull chrome-yellow, very variable in extent, sometimes almost
filling discoidal cell and tinging costa beyond middle. Hind-tving :
neuration thickly black-clouded ; spots in hind-marginal border varied
with yellow.

The typical Mescntina, figured by Cramer, is the ordinary form of
continental India, in which the $ has the black markings generally
more strongly represented, and both sexes (but especially the ^) exhibit
a deeper yellow on the under side of the hind-wings and apex of fore-
wings. The latter is, however, a decidedly variable character in Indian
specimens (though I have not seen any quite so pale as the African
^ s, in which the colouring is almost white), and appears, from the

PIERIN/E. 6 1

observations of Colonel Yerbury and others, to be largely a seasonal
modification, the spring brood being the more deeply coloured.^ Mr.
Butler (P. Z. S. Loncl., iSS6, p. 374) has separated the darker brood
as Bdcnois auriginca.

As regards the name of Lorclaca applied by the late Mr. F. Walker
to specimens from the African side of the Red Sea, no lepidopterist
can doubt that his description is strictly applicable to the ordinary $
of the African Mcscntina. The same must be remarked concerning
Finacopteryx Syrinx of Wallengren, from Damaraland, which was
referred by its author in 1872 {K. Sv. Vctcnsk.-Ahad. Forhandl., p.
44) to P. Giclica, Godt., as a probable variety; but in 1875 (op), cit.,
p. 90) to P. Severina, (Cram.), — the previous reference to Gidica being
ascribed " lajjso tyjjographico"

I had lately (in October 1886) the opportunity of examining the
fine series, Asiatic and African, of this butterfly in the British Museum
collection, and noticed that the smallest specimens were from Damascus,
Huswah (Aden), and Somaliland ; a ^ from Madagascar was also
smaller than usual. ^ The forty examples were separated into six sets,
of which the second only was named Mesentina (three Indian speci-
mens), the third (ten Indian specimens) " ? Lordaca, Walk.," and the
fourth (eight Asiatic and five African specimens) Lordaca, Walk.
The sixth set (eight African) bore the name of Agrippina, Feld., but
the latter, as I have pointed out (p. 70 infra), is really a slight variation
of the ^ Severina, Cram. I could not discover any satisfactory char-
acters by which this instructive series could be regarded as forming
more than one species.

The ^, as pointed out by Oberthiir {Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., xv.
1880, p. 150), exhibits much variation in the development of the
curved black streak at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore-
wings, especially on the upper side, where the thin superior part of
the streak is often more or less evanescent, or even wanting altogether
in some examples.

The $, besides the variation in ground-colour above described,
varies considerably in the development of the black markings generally ;
as regards the clouded neuration of the under side of the hind- wings,
the most strongly marked specimen I have seen is one taken at Delagoa
Bay by Mrs. Monteiro.

Larva. — Pale-yellow, greenish on the back ; a broad, brownish,
lateral stripe from head to tail ; head pinkish ; a few short hairs near
head and along the sides.

^ The Ceylon representative, Taprohana, Moore, seems to be constantly darker than the
Indian Mesentina. Even in the $ I have found no case in which the white spots of the
dark borders are not greatly reduced or partly obsolete on the upper side, and a similar
deficiency is observable in both sexes as regards the under side. The yellow of the under
side is also remarkably deep and rich, often inclining to orange, in both sexes.

'-' A dwarf 9 , taken near Grahamstown, Cape Colony, by Mrs. Barber, is only an inch
and a half across the expanded wings.

62 SOUTH-AFEICAX BUTTERFLIES.

Pupa. — Sharply angnlated, slender, head beaked. Light-brown,
varied with darker-brown ; a white, pink-spotted, longitudinal stripe
on abdominal segments. Kepresented as suspended to the stalk of
some plant.

The above descriptions of larva and pupa are made from figures in Plate
xii. (f. 9, 9a.) of Horstield and Moore's Catalogue of Lepidoptera in the East
India Company's Museum, vol. i. The food-plant of the larva is not stated,
nor is its locality given.

Colonel Yerbury, quoted by Mr. Butler in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1884, p. 492, and 1886, p. 376, notes that near Aden he had reared
caterpillars of this butterfly (" Lordaca, Walk.") on Capparis galcata, and
that in Western India they feed on a Ccqiparis with dark-red blossom
{C. horrida).

Mr. W. D. Gooch's notes and outline sketches of the earlier stages
of Mesentina near D'Urban, in Natal, agree very fairly with the figures
above described, and may be thus summarised, viz. : —

Larva. — Yellowish olive-green on back, marked down the middle
with a double dark-brownish line ; on each side a deep citrine-green
stripe, bearing on each segment a minute yellow spot, — these lateral
stripes inflect a little on eleventh segment, and join dorsally at their
extremities on twelfth segment ; below lateral stripes yellowish-green ;
just above legs with whitish-grey pubescence, inclining to form a tuft
on each segment ; on second segment two longer subdorsal tufts of
similar hair projecting above the head. Head bright reddish-brown.

Pupa. — Very light-brownish, dorsally flecked with dark-brown ;
edges of wing- covers and part of neuration dark; angular projections
on each side of dorsal base of abdomen black ; lateral streaks of abdo-
men, and line along median dorsal carina of thorax white. Form quite
like that of the pupa of Scvcrina, Cram.

This well-known species has a wide range over all the Ethiopian region
(except, apparently, the tropical north-west forest sub-region), and over South-
West Asia, from Syria to Calcutta. In South Africa it seems to be far more
numerous in the uplands of the interior than on the coast. In Natal during
the summer of 1867 I met with only four specimens; and not many examples
have reached me in collections made in that Colony. Colonel Bowker described
it as very numerous all over Basutoland, and Mr. H. L. Feltham informs me
that in Griqualand West it is by far the most abundant species of the genus.
Two stragglers of this butterfly have been recorded by me as visiting Cape
Town, — the first taken in tlie Museum enclosure in April 1873, and a second,
closely observed by myself for some time, on 14th April 1878, about flowers in
the Botanic Gardens. Several times, however, in the later summer I have
seen on Table Mountain a "White" hurrying past, which, although I could
not identify it, was clearly not the only resident species, P. Hellica, and very
probably was Mesentina. The spiecies has occurred in all the collections I have
seen from Damaraland ; in a small one formed by Mr. John A. Bell there were
as many as thirty-eight specimens of it. Boisduval (op. cit., p. 502) notes that
in some parts of Africa this butterfly at certain seasons migrates in innumerable
hosts, but he gives no authority for the statement. Colonel Bowker noticed in
Basutoland that numbers of Mesentina flew in an eastward direction.

Localities of Pieris Mesentina.
T. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.— Cape Town [occapional visitor]. Ookiep,

Naniaqualand District {G. Warden).

b. Eastern Districts.— Grahanistown (Mrs. Barber). King William's

Town {Mrs. Tyrnchift Drake). ]\rurraysbnrg (/. /. Muslcett).
Colesber^f {A. F. Orthpp).

c. Griqnalancl West.— Vaal Kivcr (/. //. Boicker and //. L. Feltham).

Kinil)erley {H. L. FeUliam).

d. Basutoland. — Koro Ivoro and IMascni (J. //. Botvlcer).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Basliee River (/. //. Botcker).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Yerulam. INFapumulo.

b. Upper Districts.— Estcourt (/. 31. Hidcldmon). Rorke's Drift

(/. //. Boioker).

F. Zululand. — Isandlhwana and Xapoleon Valley (J. H. Bowker).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren90 INIarques {Mrs. Monteiro).

K. Transvaal.— Potchefstroom (IF. Moranf). Potchefstroom District
{T. Ayres). Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. C. Seloits and A.
W. Frikssuit).

L. Bechuanaland.— j\Iotito (the late Eev. J. Fredoux).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (the late C. J. Andersson, J. A. Bell,

and W. G. Palgrave). " Angola (Pt^^^e)."— Dewitz. Congo.—
Coll. Brit. Mus.

h. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba." — Hopffer.

hi. Eastern Interior. — Lotsani and Makloutse Rivers {F. G. Selous).
" Bamangwato, Tati, Gubulewayo, Inyati, and Gwailo River
{Gates)." — Westwood. Zambesi. — " Victoria Falls {Gates)." —
Westwood; " Tette." — Hopffer. Lake Nyassa.— Coll. Brit.
Mus.

bb. Eastern Islands. — j\Iadagascar (/. GaldiceU).

B. North Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland {Thrupp)." — Butler. Tajora^ (/. K.

Lord). Red Sea : " Harkeko, Rafla (/. K. Lorc^)."— Walker.
61. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir.

IV. Asia. — Syria : — Damascus. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Bagdad. — Coll. Brit. Mus.
Arabia : — Aden (Huswah). — Coll. Brit. Mus. Western India. —
" Kurrachee." — Colonel C. Swinhoe ; Campbellpore and Chitta
Pahar {Yerbury). — Coll. Brit. Mus. Afghanistan: Kandahar,
Bolan Pass, Quetta. — Coll. Brit. Mus. Punjaub. — Coll. Brit.
Mus. Bengal : " Calcutta." — De Nic^ville. Barrackpore. — ■
Coll. Brit. Mus. " Madras."— Moore.

1 Through the kindness of Professor R. Meldola I have received a S from Mr. Lord's
collection taken in this locality. It is rather smaller than usual, and has the dusky neura-
tion of the under side very faintly marked.

64 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

260. (11.) Pieris Gidica, Godart.

^ Pieris Gidica, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 131, n. 37 (1819).

cJ $ Pieris Gidica, Boisd., Sp, Gen. Lep., i. p. 503, n. 97 (1836).

5 Pinacopteryx Westwoodi, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ;

Lep., Rhop. Catfr., p. 9, n. 4.
5 Pinacopteryx Douhledayi, "Wallgrn., loc. cit., p. 8, n. 2.
(j 5 Pieris Gidica, Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 34, n. 20 (1866).

Plate XI. fig. i (^).

Uxp. al., {$) 2 in. 0-5 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 0-5^1 lin.

^ White, with hlacld&h markings. Fore-wing : apex "produced and
pointed ; costa edged with blackish, close to base greyish ; base slightly-
diffused with greyish, and with a pearly gloss ; at extremity of dis-
coidal cell, a black, angulated streak, united to blackish costal edging,
and thickest at its lower extremity ; on hind-margin a blackish band,
rather wider at apex, and ending on first median nervule, enclosing six
very small white spots, and united by blackisli nervules to an inner
blacker, more irregular transverse band ending on second median ner-
vure. Hind-ioing : on hind-margin a linear black edging, and from
four to six moderately-sized, inwardly-acute black spots at extremities
of nervules ; base greyish, with a slight pearly gloss ; a few indistinct
traces of the dark wavy streaks on under side.

Under side. — Fore-iuing : similar in marking ; in discoidal cell a
short longitudinal dusky ray from base ; the spots in hind-marginal
band enlarged, confluent with white between hind-marginal and sub-
marginal bands, and slightly tinged with yellowish. Hind-toing : pale-
yellowish, the nervures marked blackly upon it ; costal, median, and
submedian nervures clouded with blackish ; two transverse rows of
irregular blackish angulated streaks, one before, the other beyond,
middle, — the inner one much interrupted, and joining the dark cloud-
ing on median nervure, — the outer one composed of thin lunular
markings ; neither row extending beyond submedian nervure ; hind-
marginal spots larger and somewhat squarer than on upper side, some
of them united by fainter, curved streaks from their inner extremities,
which touch the points of the lunular marks of the outer transverse row ;
costa edged at base with bright-yellow.

$ Varies from whitish to dull gelloivish, hIacJdsh markings hroacler
than in $. Fore-wing : apex not so produced as in $ ; base broadly
suflfused with greyish nearly to extremity of discoidal cell, and glossed
with a violaceous lustre ; a short broad stripe of black from costa, at
extremity of discoidal cell ; submarginal band joined to hind-marginal
one, the narrow space enclosed between the two composing three or
four yellowish spots, often indistinct ; an ill-defined blackish spot
beyond middle, between first median nervule and inner margin. Hind-
wing : from base a dusky-greyish cloud along both sides of median
nervure, and slightly along costa ; a black elongate mark at extremity

piEraN.-E. 65

of (liscoidal cell ; hiud-inarginal spots united by bi'oad arclied streaks,
so as to form a series oi fesloun-Ukc markinc^s ; before tlieiu a more or
less connected row of arclied streaks {as in nndcr side of $) touching
them. Under sipk. — Venj similar to $, but the marhingii Iroader.
Fore-iving : paler than on upper side ; base only light-greyish, but in
the whiter specimens with a pale-3'ellow tinge as far as extremity of
cell. Hind-irimg : deeper in tint than in ^ ; blackish markings often
more or less diflused.

The $ varies but little, except in size ; but the black markings
generally are more pronounced in some specimens, and in a few of the
smaller examples the upper part of the terminal disco-cellular streak on
the upper side of the fore- wings is obsolescent or wanting. The $, on
the other hand, is highly variable, not only in size, but in ground-
colour and development of markings. Examples of the medium pale-
yellowish tint, with all the marginal markings defined with more or less
clearness, are most prevalent ; but specimens not rarely occur in which
the yellow is much deeper on both upper and under side, and the
marginal markings are on the upper side in both wings confluent into
a broad dark border without (or with only the traces of) the usual
spots, while the basal clouding is broader and darker. Females in
which the ground-colour is whitish or nearly white are the scarcest ; in
one of three, which I took near Grahamstown, the borders and basal
suffusion are almost as strongly marked as in the yellower examples,
just mentioned.^

I captured the paired sexes near Grahamstown on the 6th, and at
Uitenhage on the 23d February 1870, and Colonel Bowker took them
near D'Urban, Natal, in November 188 i. The $ of Colonel Bowker's
pair is remarkable for presenting on the upper side of the fore-wings
the coalescence of the outer and inner series of white spots in the dark
border, usually found only on the under side, — the confluent spots are,
however, much irrorated with fuscous scales.

The longer and much more pointed fore-wings and inferiorly elongated hind-
wings well distinguish the (^ s of Gidica and Alyssinica from their allies in
South Africa, and, in a less degree, the 5 s also. The $ Gidica is a very rapid
flyer, and its swift irregular course over and among the trees and imderwood
of its sylvan haunts makes it by no means an easy capture on the wing.
It constantly visits flowers, however, especially those of Calodendron capense
(the so-called " Wild Chestnut") and of Plumbago caiJensis, and is then taken
without much difiicnity. The species is very numerous in the wooded parts of
South Africa, but does not make its appearance until tl>e warm weather is well
advanced. At Plettenberg Bay, near Grahamstown, and on tlie ISTatal coast, I
found it abundant at the end of January and through February in ditierent
years, and in the last-named district up to the beginning of April. Mr. W. S.

^ My determination of Wallengren's Pinacoptcryx Wcslicoodi and P. Douhledayi as
respectively S and ? of Gidica was confirmed by some rough drawings of his type speci-
mens shown to me by W. F. Kirby. " P. Westwoodi, Wlgrn.," in the drawings is certainly
the i Gidica; "P. Douhledayi, Wlgrn., (J," is a ? Gidica in which the fore-wings are
whitish ; and " P. Douhledayi, Wlgrn., 9 ," is a yellow ? Gidica.

VOL. III. E

66 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES.

D'Urban met with it about King William's Town from November to May, and
I took a specimen at Grabamstown as late as the 25th May.

Though known to occur in various very distant points in Tropical Africa,
Gidlca does not appear to flourish anywhere out of South Africa proper. Three
exam2Dles have reached me from Damaraland, and a few have been taken in
Abyssinia ; but its place over the greater part of the tropical interior seems to
be taken by the abundant Mesentina.

Localities of Picris Gidica.

I. South Africa.
E." Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Ivnysna. Plettenberg Bay.
h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth {W. S. M. JJ' Urban). Uiten-
hage. Grabamstown. Kowie River (J. L. Fry), and Tliarfield
{Miss M. Bowker), Bathurst District. Iveiskamma Mouth and
King William's Town {JF. S. M. D' Urban). Queeustown
(W. S. M. D' Urban).

D. Kafl'raria Proper. — Bashce River (./. H. Botrlier).

E. Xatal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. A'erulam. Umvoti.

b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (J. 31. llutcltinson). Rorke's Drift

{J. H. BowL-er).

IL Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. Bell).

b. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi River [Rev. H. Rowley).

B. Xorth Tropical.

bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Slioa " (Antinori). — Oberthur.
" Atbara River " [Soudan]. — Butler.

261. (12.) Pieris abyssinica, Lucas.

(J $ Pieris abyssinica, Luc, "Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., iv. p. 328

(1S52)."
S ? Pieris Gidica, Var. (AUica, Boisd. MS.), Oberth., Etudes d'Ent., iii.

p. 16 (187S).

Rrj). ciL, ($) 2 in. 0-4 liu. ; ($) i in. 10 lin. — 2 in. 2^ lin.

Very closely allied to Gidica, Godt.

$ White, u'ith blackish markings; j^^^crji of markings quite as
in Gidica, hut 'blackish, duller, inclining to brown. Fore-wing : apical
hind-marginal border not so clearly defined, rather diffused, its outer
row of whitish spots n].ore or less obsolescent. Under side. — Hind-
loing and apical area of fore-wing more or less tinged vjith pale didl-
reddish, on ivhich the darker markirigs are less distinct and much browner
than in Gidica, and sometimes obsolescent. Hind-u:ing : a longitudinal
whitish ray (conspicuous in the more reddish-tinged examples) from
base almost to hind-margin, traversing discoidal cell, bounded infe-
riorly by a dark-brown ray along the line of disco- cellular fold and
the extension of that fold beyond extremity of cell ; basal edging of

J'lEKlN.^. 67

costa brig-lit-orange ; ncuration clouded much as in Gidica, but itself
with a pale-reddish tinge.

^ Slightly tinged luitli i)alc-ycUou\ or sometimes nearly white; based
clouding much more restricted than in Gidica ^. Fore-ivlng : apical
hind-mai'ginal border as in the more lightly marked specimens of
Gidica ; no blackish spot on lower discal area beyond middle. Ilind-
tci/ig : hiud-marginal nervular spots separate from each other, or only
very imperfectly united by indistinct arched streaks ; inner row of
arched streaks represented by separated cuneiform fragments only.
Under side. — As in ^, but darker in ground-colour, and with the
whitish markings of hind-wing more prominent.

As a rule, the fore- wings (especially in the ^) are more produced,
sometimes even inclining to bo subfalcate ; the size of this butterfly
is also on the whole smaller than that of Gidica. A dwarf $ from
Estcourt, Natal, expands only i in. 10 lin. A ^ from Zumbo, on
the Zambesi River, is remarkable for having only very faint traces of
the usually well-mai-ked hind-marginal spots on the hind-wings.

Though widelj' distributed in Soutli Africa, Ahyssinic.a is very scarce; and
I have seen only ten authenticated specimens from the sub-region. If it were
restricted to a particular territory, one would be disposed to regard it as a local
variety of Gidica ; and if it were not so rare, it might be taken for possibly
a seasonal form of that species.^ I captured a single example at Knysna
early in May 1859; two have been sent by Mrs. Barber from near Grahams-
town, and two Avere taken at D'Urban, Natal, by the late Mr. M'Ken. In
Swaziland the late Mr. E. C. Buxton (who sent me photographs of this and
many other butterflies of his capturing) seems to have met with tlie insect
pretty frequently.

Localities of Picris Abyssinica.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. AVestern Districts. — Knysna.
h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown {Mrs. Barber).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (the late M. J. APKen).
h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. 31. Hutchinson).

G. " Swaziland."— The late K C. Buxton.

11. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast. — Monibas : " EnJara (Kcrsten)." — Gersliicker.
bi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi River : Zumbo {F. G. Selous).

B. North Tropical.

bi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: "Lake Tsana (Raffray)." — Ober-
thiir. Soudan : '■ Atbara River." — Butler ; " Khartoum." —
Gerstacker.

^ Six specimens (five Ss and a 9 ), with dates of capture — from 3d to 17th September
1887 — have been kindly forwarded to me from D'Urban, Natal, by Mr. A. D. Millar, who
inclines to think this form the dry-season brood of Gidica. The latter certainly seems
restricted in appearance to the summer and autumn months.

68 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

262. (13.) Pieris Severina, (Cramer).

$ Papilio Severina, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. 338, ff. G, H (17S2).
Pieris Severina, Go(.It.,Euc. Meth., ix. p. 131, 11. t,6 (1819).

$2 ,, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 507,11. loi (1836); App. Voy.

Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 586 (1847).

^ Pi7iaco2iferi/x Mesentina, "Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-AkaJ. Handl., 1857;
Lop. Rhop. Caffr., p. 9, 11. 3.1

o Pinacojiteryx Severina, Wallengr., loc. cit., p. 8, 11. 2.

^ $ Pieris Severina, Trim., Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 32, n. 19 (1862).

C^ $ ,, ,, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 352 (1862).

^ Pieris Agr'ip2nna, Feld., Reise Novara, Lep., ii. p. 173 n. 159 (1865).

$ 9, Pieris Severina, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 18 (1884).
Var. ^ $ , Pieris Boguensis, Feld., loc. cit., n. 160.

Exp. al., ($) I in. 10^ liu. — 2111.; (?) i in. ii lin. — 2 in.
I lin.

$ White, with white -spotted black hind-onairjiiis. Fore-unng : costa
with a linear black edging ; a black border on hind-margin, broad at
apex, and narrowing to a point at anal angle, — its inner edge irregu-
larly dentate and excavate ; a row of elongate white spots, from four
to seven, in this border, lessening in size towards posterior angle, but
not extending below first median nervule ; a small sublinear black
spot at extremity of discoidal cell. Hind-ioing : a black border of
moderate width on hind-margin, enclosing four rather large white
spots, — of which rarely all are indistinct except the first; in some
specimens an irregular black transverse mark on costa before apex ;
very rarely a thin blackish line at extremity of discoidal cell. Under
SIDE. — Main markings like those of upper side, hut hind-mwgi7ial borders
not so black, tinged with broiun ; hind-wing and marginal spots in fore-
luing lemon-yellow or greyish-yellow., — the former with neuration almost
always more or less clouded with black. Fore-wing : base with a faint
yellow tinge ; rarely a projection from costal black edging towards
terminal disco-cellular spot ; hind-marginal spots larger and more
sharply defined. Hind-vjlng : costa near base edged with chrome-
yellow ; pre-apical costal black mark conspicuous ; a similar but dif-
fused transverse black mark from about origin of second median
nervule to about middle of submedian nervure, crossed by a longi-
tudinal black streak from near base of median nervure to near anal
angle ; hind-marginal border containing five spots of the ground-colour,
the additional spot being close to anal angle ; near base, a short longi-
tudinal chrome-yellow streak between median and submedian nervures,
and another close to inner margin. Cilia black, interrupted with
white between nervules.

$ Varying from- very pale whitish-yelloiv to pale ochrcous-yclloiv ;
hind-marginal black borders very broad. Fore-iuing : only two or three

^ This reference was confirmed by a figure in the rough drawings of some of Wallengren's
type specimens shown to me by Mr. W. F. Kii'by, which, under the name of ^' Pinacopteryx
Mesentina, Cram., t-ar.," uiique-stionably represented a i Severina.

PIKRIN^v 69

small yellow spots in liind-marginal border, close to apex ; terminal
disco-cellular black spot rounder and usually larger than in ^ ; a
black projection from costal edging (as on under side of $), — very
rarely extending almost to disco-cellular spot. Hind-wing : costal spot
near apex united to liind-marginal border, which inwardly radiates more
or less on nervules, and contains a single yellowish spot close to apex ;
disco-cellular terminal line rarely distinct. Under side. — Varying
from lemon-yellow to deep clirome-yelloio ; hind-wing often inclining to
whitish. Fore-wing : some tiut of yellow between the two just men-
tioned, suffused from the base with orange or orange-yellow ; spots in
hind-marginal border yellow, usually seven. Hind-iving : neuration
more strongly and generally black-clouded ; six or seven spots in hind-
marginal border.

Variety A. (P. Boguensis, Felder), $ and $. — Furc-u-ing : in both
sexes, instead of merely a small terminal disco-cellular spot, a well-
marked (sometimes rather broad), short, oblique, blackish bar from
costa, where it is wider and somewhat diffused.

Larva. — Dull reddish-sandy on back, with a median longitudinal
streak of violaceous-grey. On each side succeeds a wide ferruginous-
brown stripe, followed by a narrow pale-yellow one, fringed inferiorly
by thinly-set white hairs of moderate length. All the dorsal surface
except the median streak shagreened Avith minute elevated whitish or
yellowish dots arranged in transverse lines ; also across the back of
each segment (rather before its middle) a series of much larger widely-
separated elevated and acuminate yellow dots, — six on the second, third,
and fourth segments, and four on each of the others, — followed (a
little beyond middle of each segment) by two similar dots. Ventral
surface, including legs, pro-legs, and under part of head, pale greyish-
green. Head above ferruginous, in front inferiorly yellowish ; sha-
greened like dorsal surface, and with two or three larger acuminate
spots on each side ; inferiorly and laterally with some thinly-set white
hairs like those on body. Length, 9 lin.

In its earlier stages, down to a leng-th of only 4-|^ lin., the larva is
dorsally much tinged with greenish.

Pupa. — Pale-brownish with a reddish tinge, or pale-creamy with a
greenish tinge, superiorly more or less speckled with blackish. Cephalic
process, dorsal ridge of thorax, and acute projections on each side of
back of second abdominal segment, outlined with black. Blackish
irroration in brownish specimens extending quite across back of each
segment, only leaving clear a narrow incision-bar ; but in creamy
examples restricted so as to form four longitudinal series of small
spots. Mixed with this irroration on each segment are three or four
transverse series of minute whitish spots, and also towards the front
of each segment a transverse row of larger elevated yellow spots (four
on each abdominal segment, six or more on each thoracic one).
Beneath creamy -white or greenish - white ; wing- covers streaked

70 SOUTH AFRTC AX BUTTERFLIES.

with blackisli along and near inner margin and also near hind-
margin.

These descriptions of larva and j;mjj« are made from numerous
living specimens received from Colonel Bowker in August 1887,
ha\"ing been collected by him near D'Urban, Natal. The larvas had
almost finished their supply of food by the time that they arrived, and
I liberated them all except one which was suspended for pupation,
and from which I obtained a ^ Severina on the 9th September. Seven
of the pupje received had the date of pupation attached, and I thus
ascertained that the duration of the chrysalis state was from fourteen
to seventeen days. The eight examples (three $, five $) that I reared
from these Natalian pupa3, as well as several others reared at the same
time by Colonel Bowker and afterwards forwarded to me for compari-
son, were all of the rather smaller form, with duller-tinted under side
marked by heavy blackish neuration, proper to the winter or dry season ;
but one of the $ s that I reared was of the Bogiiensis variety, with a
very completely developed oblique costal bar marking the extremity of
the discoidal cell.

The typical ^ varies to some extent in the width of the black
borders on the upper side, as well as in the size and distinctness of
the white spots which they contain ; in one example (from Delagoa
Bay) the inner part of the border of the hind-wings is so feebly
developed that these spots are scarcely separated from the white
ground.^ On the under side the tint of the hind-wing is sometimes
of a duller, greyer tinge, and in these examples the neuration is
strongly and generally fuscous-clouded ; while in the specimens which
have this surface pale and bright the nervures are often almost free of
clouding, more especially on the disc. Two rather small $ s from the
Limpopo River exhibit the latter character in a very marked degree,
and in that respect resemble the very closely allied P. Creona, (Cram.),
of West Africa.

In a ^ that I captured near Grahamstown, the basal pale- yellow
suffusion of the fore-wing on the under side is abnormally developed,
filling the discoidal cell and spreading beyond it along the costa. The
same peculiarity exists to a much less extent in two other ^ s, — one
from Kaffraria Proper and the other from Natal.

The typical ^ on the upper side presents a vai'iable width in the
borders, and the ground of the fore-wings sometimes (and of the hind-
wings very rarely) is nearly white. On the under side of the hind-
wings the clouding of the neuration is less variable than in the ^, being
commonly well developed.

An example from Barberton, Transvaal, received from Mr. J. P.
Cloete in March 1888, is- of a remarkably deep rich yellow above, with
the dark border abnormally wide, — in the fore-wings almost touching

1 It is evidently on a similar i fnim Port Xatal that Felder (o^x cit.) has founded his
P. Agripiina. The feature in question is a character of the African (5 s of Mesaitina, Cr.

the disco-cellular spot, and iu the hind-wings without the usual enclosed
spot. This $ was accompanied by a ^ of largo size, exhibiting the
Jgrippina character above described (see note, p. 70).

Dr. Felder, from whom I received a Bogos $ of Bocjucnsis, ex-
pressed the opinion (op. cit., p. 174) that this form was very probably
but a local variety of Sevcrina. I have since, however, taken a $ near
Grahamstown and received a $ and two $ s from D' Urban, Natal. The
marked feature of the costal bar of the fore-wings imparts to it some-
thing of the aspect of Mesentina ; and it is noteworthy that in the ordi-
nary $ s of Severina (especially on the under side), a fragmentary, or
rarely complete, narrow costal bar is present.

It is very doubtful whether Severina is entitled to be held a distinct
species from Creona, Cram. (oj). cit., i. t. xcv. ff. c, o [$], e, f [g]).
This Tropical- African form is, however, constantly smaller, and presents
in both sexes proportionately wider borders (that of the hind-wings in
the $ s having all the spots it contains on the upper side obsolete except
the apical one), and on the under side unclouded neuration in the
hind-wings, as well as broader and brighter longitudinal orange-yellow
streaks. The $ has the disco-cellular spot of the fore-wing better
developed, but the Avhite spots in the border much reduced ; the $ has
a rather wide basal fuscous suffusion in both wings (much as in the $
Gidica, Godt.).

The figures and description of Picris Elisa, Yollenhoven (Pollen
and Van Dam's Becherches sur la Faune de Madagascar, &c.. Part v. p.
12, pi. 2, fF. 3, 1877), are respectively so defective and insufiicient,
that I am unable with certainty to make out whether the iMayotte
specimens represented and described are actually referable to Severina
or not ; but I think that they most probably are so referable, the figure
marked "3 ^" being apparently a ^ of the slight variation above
referred to as Agrippina, Felder, and that marked " 3 ? " to all
appearance a ^ of the variety Bogucnsis, Feld.^

Colonel Bowker has sent me four pairs of this butterfly captured
by him in copidd, viz., in 1873 a pair from Fort Warden, on the Kei
Eiver ; in 1879 a pair, and in November 1881 two pairs from
D' Urban, Natal. In the ^ s of the Kei River pair the clouded neura-
tion of the under side of the hind-wings is marked only near base and
hind-marginal border; in that of the D'Urban pair, 1879, it is almost
obsolete ; and in those of the D'Urban pairs of 1881 it is well developed
except on the middle of the disc. The $ of the Kei River pair is of
average size, very yellow on the upper side, and has the central part of
the under side of the hind-wings whitish streaked with yellow, — the
dark neuration being very strongly marked ; that of the D'Urban pair
of 1879 is small, whitish on the upper side, and with the neuration

1 It is remarkable that, next to Creona, Cram., the nearest known ally of Severina is the
Australian Teutonia, Fab., which is considerably larger, and with much broader upper-side
borders in the S , and a costal bar (like that of Var. Bofjuensis) in the fore-wings of the ? ;
while the neuration of the hind-wings on the under side is very strongly black-clouded.

72 SOUTH- AFPJC AX BUTTERFLIES.

of the under side of the hind -wings dark clouded throughout ; and
those of the 1 8 8 i pairs are both yellowish on the upper side (with the
costal streak of the fore-wing in one thinly prolonged almost to the
disco-cellular spot), while on the under side one of them has the dark
neuration of the hind-wings only marked near the hind-marginal
border, but the other has it strongly developed throughout (in this
latter specimen the narrow costal bar of the fore-wing is complete).

A $ and ^ which I captured at D" Urban, Natal, in June 1865,
and also a $ taken at the beginning of the following August, are
smaller and with duller-tinted, more dusky-veined under sides than
those which I afterwards took in that locality and near Grahamstown
in the summer months of January, February, and March. -^ The $
referred to is almost white on the upper side ; in this respect resembling
a considerably larger $ from South- West Madagascar, which is in the
South- African Museum.

This is a common and widely-spread butterfly over all the wooded parts of
South Africa ; its most Avesterly known locality is Knysna, on the coast of the
Cape Colony. Although prevalent always about the edges of woods, it by no
means confines itself to them, but flies actively over open ground at hand, often
stopping to visit flowers. The ^ s are swifter than the 5 s, but both sexes
were in the flights of Pierince which I witnessed on 6th February 1870
at Highlands, near Grahamstown, and I captured several females on that
occasion.

Localities of Ficris Scvcrina.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. AVestern Districts. — Knysna (Miss We?if worth).'

b. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage (S. D. Balrstoio).

Graliamstown. ]\buith of Kowie Eiver {J. L. Fry). King
William's Town (TF. S. M. H Urban). Windvogelberg, Queens-
town District (the late Major G. E. Bulger). Kei River (/. H.
Bowher).

D. Kaflfraria Proper. — Butterworth and Bashee River (/. //. Boiolcer).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Pinetown {J. H. BuivJcer). Vernlam.

Umvoti. Mouth of Tugela (/. H. Bowker). Mapumulo.

b. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Maritzburg {S. Windham). Est-

court {J. M. Hutchinson).

F. Zululand.— Special locality not noted {G. F. Angas). — Coll. Brit. Mus.
H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques (Mrs. Monteiro).

K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Limpopo River
{F. a Selous). Barberton (J. P. Cloete and C. F. Palmer).

1 Mr. Alfred D. Millar, of D'Urban, at my request, was good enough to capture and date
numerous examples of this (as well as of other Pierince) during 1SS7-S8, and to send them
to me. Five (5 s and four ? s taken on 15th August, and a i taken on the 22d, are all of
the duller more dusky-veined form ; a i taken on 22d September is larger and brighter
beneath, showing some approach to the summer or wet season form ; and three 6 s taken
on 3d December and a S and ? taken on 29th January are all of the bright pale-yellow
under side, with the neuration lightly and unequally blackish.

riERIN.'E. 73

II. Other African Kegions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Angola : " Loanda {11. Meldola)." — A. G. Lutler.

Congo: "Kinsembo {H. Ansell)." — A. G. Ikitler.
h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi {Rev. II. Rowleij). " Querimba." —

llopti'er. Zanzibar. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Endara, Mombas (Ker-

sten)." — Gerstiicker. Kilinia Njaro. — Coll. lirit. Mus.
hi. Eastern Interior. — Maldoutse and Tati Kivers {F. C. Selous).

]\rashunaland {F. C. Selutis).
Lb. Eastern Islands. — Madagascar: ]\[urundava Kiver {(Jreve).

" Mayotte {Fullen and Van Dam)." — A'ollenhuvon.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — "Accra and Aburi {Weigle).'" — Moschler.^

b. Eastern Coast. — Red Sea: Bogos {H ansa I). [Yav. Bo(/tiensts,Fe\d.]
hi. Eastern Interior. — White Nile. — Coll. Erit. Mus. [Var. Boguensis,

Eeld.]

263. (14.) Pieris Hellica, (Linn^us).

^ Papilio Helke, Linn., Mas. Lud. Ulr. Reg., p. 243, n. 62 (1764); and

P. Hellica, Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 760, n. 78 (1767).
5 Papilio Daplidice, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii. pi. clxxi. £f. c, d. (1779).
(j $ Mancipium vorax Hellica, Hlibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., i. t. 141, ff.

I, 2[c?], 3. 4[?](?i8o6).
(J 5 Papilio Raphani, Esp.,- (Europ.) Schmett., Suppl, Bd. i. t. cxxiii.

Cont. 78, It: 3, 4 (1805).
Pieris Hellica, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 546, n. 156 (1836).
$ $ Pieris Hellica, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 39, n. 24 (1862).
$ Synddoe Hellica, Crowley, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887, pi. iii. ff. 4, 5.

Exp. al., ($) I in. 10 lin. — 2 in.; ($) i in. 9I lin. — 2 in.

^ White, ivith UacJcish marldngs. Fore-iving : base narrowly grey-
ish ; costa narrowly edged with blackish ; at extremity of discoidal cell
a rather broad, short, blackish stripe, extending above subcostal nervure,
but not touching costal edge ; a broad, blackish border on hind-margin,
abruptly terminating on second median nervule, and containing four
rounded white spots, the third of which, from costa, is almost always
connected with the white ground-colour of wing, dividing the band
into two portions. Hind-unng : on hind-margin a row of small black
spots, one at extremity of, and inwardly projecting along, each nervule.
Under side. — Fore-wing : as on upper side, but disco-cellular stripe
extended to costa by some fainter blackish colouring ; apical portion of
hind-marginal hand tinged and dusted with chrome-yclloiv. Hind-wing :
nervures much clouded ivith yellow-dusted grey, leaving a central, trans-
verse, curved, macular band of white, and almost enclosing a row of
five or six white spots on hind-margin ; costa at base, and most of the
spaces between clouded nervures, tinged with bright chrome-yelloiv.

^ From Moschler's note on several S s and a ? (Abhandl. Senckenberg. Naturf. Gesellsch.,
1887, p. 53), these Gold Coast specimens appear to belong to the form Creona, Cram.

^ Esper's earlier figure of P. Raphani (op. cit., i. pt. 2, t. Ixxxiv.) appears not to represent
Hellica, Linn., but some allied species. Mr. W. Y. Kirby [Cat. D. Lep., 1S71, p. 451)
regards it as intended to represent a variety of Daplidice, Linn.

74 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

^ SlniiJar to $, but ivitk additional Uach markings. Fore-icing :
costa with a greyish border as far as disco-cellular band, which is much
broader than in $ ; hind-marginal band slightly broader and blacker
than in ^, — its third white spot always quite enclosed in the black ;
two additional blackish spots near posterior angle, between first median
nervnle and inner margin, the lower one much smaller and fainter, and
forming a continuation of the upper one. Rind-wing : a blackish band
along hind-margiu, commencing with a dark mark on costa (adjoining
spot on inner margin of fore-wing), becoming obsolete towards anal
angle, and containing four or five rather large oyate white spots.
Under side. — Fore-icing : only the uj^j^er of the two additional blackish
spots present. Hind-iving : the clouding of the nervules wider than
in ^, in some strongly marked specimens so much so as to leave only a
row of white spots in place of the central white band.

A dwarfed $, taken at Burghersdorp by Dr. Kannemeyer, measures
ouly I in. 3-^ lin. across the expanded fore-wings.

Larva. — Light-green, darker on inferior surface. A median dorsal
violaceous stripe ; and on each side a broader, less defined, deeper-
greenish stripe mixed with violaceous, succeeded by a conspicuous pale-
yellowish spiracular band. On each segment numerous black dots
arrano-ed in four transverse lines on back and sides (other scattered
black dots on lower part of sides), and also four orange spots, situated
anteriorly, two of which immediately precede the spiracles. Head
black-dotted ; spiracles conspicuously black. A few short hairs about
body generally, numerous short hairs on head.

" Food-plants near Grahamstown, Sisijmlrium Capcnse (and pro-
bably S. h/ratum) and Lciyidium sativum." — ]\I. E. Barber.

Pupa. — Above yellow, sprinkled with black dots, beneath pale-
green. A median dorsal pale-violet stripe ; narrow thoracic ridge
marked with a red line.

The first pupa I observed (found on loth December) changed in
colouring, four days afterwards, to light violet-grey, with a pale-yellow
stripe along each side of the abdomen ; the imago did not appear
before the 20th December. The second pupa I reared retained its
yellow and green colours throughout from the 24th April to the 8th
May, when the imago emerged. One pupa was attached to the wall
of a house, the other to a grass stem.

A very near ally of Hcllica was brought from Kilima-Njaro by
Mr. H. H. Johnston, and has lately been described and figured as
SyncUoH Johnstonii by Mr. P. Crowley (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1887,
p. 35, pi. iii. ^, fF. I, 3 ; ?, f. 2). I made notes on two ^s and a
^ of this form in the British Museum collection (October 1886). It
is at once distinguishable by its longer wings, the fore-wings being
also acuter apically ; and the ^ has the black border of the fore-wings
on the upper side internally unbroken, with the enclosed white spots
smaller than in Hcllica. On the under side, the neuration is more

PTERTN.E. 75

heavily clouded— the ncrvures themselves being widely greyish, boundetl
on both sides with fuscous ;— but in the hind-wings the yellow and white
discal inter-nervular markings are brighter and more completely unite
the hind-marginal spots (which are elongated) to the median series.

Next to Johnstonii, the nearest known form to Hcllica is the
Arabian Glaucojiome, Klug/ which differs, however, on the under side
in the greener clouding that occupies much more of the field, — espe-
cially in the basal area of the hind-wings, where the white is reduced
to two good-sized oval spots (one in discoidal cell, the other just above
it),_and in having the neuration itself yellow, while the inter-nervular
yellow rays so conspicuous in Hcllica (especially those uniting the
median and marginal white spots of the hind-wings) are wanting. In
these respects, and in the hind-marginal markings on the upper side
of the hind-wings, Glauconome is nearer to the well-known Dnplidicc,
Linn, than to Hcllica; and the same may be said of Glauconome s
close ally, Iranica, Bienert, of which I have examined specimens from
Afghanistan (Candahar) in the British Museum."

Hdlica is one of the commonest and most abundant butterflies in South
Africa ; over nearly all districts it seems to be found throughout the year, but
is most prevalent in the spring and summer months. It frequents open ground
generally, and is the only " White " resident in the Cape Peninsula. On the
wing it is by no means swift, keeping near the ground, and often settUng
on flowers. On the coast of Xatal I did not meet with it, but it was not
uncommon on the higher levels inland, particularly near Maritzburg and
Greytown. I have not met with any example in collections from Tropical
localities, nor have I found any record of the species' occurrence out of
South Africa proper. ^

Localities of Fieris Hcllica.

I. South Africa.
1j. Cape Colony.

a. Western "Districts. — Capo Town. Hout Bay, Stellenbosch.
Paarl. Wellington. JMalmesbury. Ceres and Vogel Yley,
Tulbagh District. Worcester. Robertson. Genadendal, Caledon
District {G. Hettarsch). Mossel Bay. Knysna. Plettenberg
Bay. Oudtshoorn {AdamK). Yan Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon Dis-
trict {E. G. Alston). Ookiep and Klipfontein (L. Peringuey),
and Annenous, Xamaqualand District.
h. Eastern Districts. — Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. Grahamstown.
Tharfield, Bathurst District {Miss M. L. Bowlier). East London
(P. Borcherds). King William's Town (W. S. M. U Urban).
Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Batho). Burghers-
dorp, Albert District {D. R. Kaniiemeyer). Colesberg {A. F.
Ortlepp). Murraysburg (J. /. Muskett).

1 Symb. Pliys., dec. i. pi vii. ff. 18, 19 (1S29).

- For a note on the differences between Iranica and Glauconome, see Butler, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 18S4, p. 492.

3 The late Mr. F. Walker gave {L'ntomof agist, 1 870, p. 49) localities both east and west
of the Red Sea for Hdlica; but there can be uo doubt that the species he received from
that region must have been the clostly-allicd Glauconome, King.

76 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

c. GriqualanJ West. — Ivimberley.

d. Basutoland. — Maseru (./, H. Boivl(er).

C. Orange Free State. — Locality not noted (C. Hart).

D. Kafi'raria Proper. — Butterworth and Basliee River (J. H. Boicker).

E. Natal.

b. Upper Districts. — Karkloof (TT". il/ora??/). Grey town. INfaritzLurg.
Estcourt (./. M. HidcJmison).
K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District (T. Ayres).

Genus HEEPiENIA.

Herpcenia, Butler, Cist. Ent., i. p. 52 (1S70); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1872, p. 67.
Pieris (Auct. — part.), Trimen, Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 26 and 40 (1862).

Imago. — Nearly allied to Pieris. Palpi much shorter, especially
terminal joint ; antcnnce shorter, more slender. Pore-'ivings apically
rather prominent (esj^ecially in $) ; posterior angle well marked ; first
and second subcostal nervules given oft' not far apart, at some distance
before extremity of discoidal cell ; upper radial nervule longer, united
to subcostal nervure at a point considerably nearer to extremity of cell ;
upper disco-cellular nervule exceedingly short, slanting inward, — lower
one very long, strongly curved inward in middle ; discoidal cell thus
terminating very truncately ; second and third median nervules nearer
to each other than second and first. Hind-ioings more elongated supe-
riorly, shorter and sub-truncate inferiorly ; anal angle rather pro-
nounced ; disco-cellular nervules almost as in fore-wings. Abdomen
more elongate, particularly in ^, where it is very slender and is only a
little shorter than inner margins of hind-wings.

The characters here given (of which the more important were
pointed out loc. cit. by Mr. Butler) serve well to separate this genus ;
and its very remarkable and peculiar pattern is a character which
emphasises the structural ones. The creamy-white or yellowish ground-
colour is boldly and conspicuously broken up by not only very broad
hind-marginal black borders enclosing spots of the ground-colour, but
also by a very broad longitudinal black bar in the fore-wings (occupy-
ing base and discoidal cell, and joining the hind-marginal border about
its middle), and a narrower obliquely transverse sub-basal black bar in
the hind-wings (the superior extremity of which is linked to apical
commencement of hind-marginal border by a costal and a subcostal
short black ray). Both structure and pattern indicate approach to the
genus Tcracolus ; in the fore-wings the disposition of the subcostal
nervules being the same, and that of the upper radial and disco- cellular
nervules almost the same ; and the singular arrangement of wing-
markings is not far different from that found in the ^ T. Evenina,
Wallengr.

Mr. Butler has given names to several slight modifications of what,

riEUIN/E. 77

after oxaraiuation of a largo nunihor of examples from various quar-
ters, I can but consider the only known species of this genus, viz.,
H. Eriphia, Godt. This butterfly has a very wide range in Tropical
Africa, and in the south is of pretty general distribution, except in
the soutli-west of the Cape Colony.

264. (1.) Herpsenia Eriphia, (Godart).

Piens Erij)hia, Godt., Enc. Moth., ix. p. 157, n. 134 (1819).

$ Pontia Tritogenia, Khig, Syinb. Phys., t. viii. fl". 17, 18 (1829).

Pieris Tritogcnia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 513, n. no (1836).

(J Dismorphia I'ritogema, Gcyer, Forts. Hiibn. Zutr. Exot. Sclimett, p.

II, If. 829-83o"(i837).
$ Pinacopteryx Eriphia, Wallgrn., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857; Lep.

Rhop. CallV., p. 10, n. 5.
Pieris Eriphia, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 40, n. 25 (1862).
Ayithocharis Tritogenia, IIopfF., Peter.s' Reise IMossamh., Ins., p. 356 (1862).
Herpcenia Tritogenia, Jkill., Cist. Ent., i. p. 52 (1870).
Vau. Herpcenia Melanarge, Butl,, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18S5, p. 774.

Exp. al., {$) I in. 9 lin. — 2 in. 2^- lin. ; ($) i in. 10 liu. — 2 in.
4 lin.

$ White or crcamy-ivMte, luith hroacl black stripes and borders;
about equal areas of black and ivhite. Fore-ioing : a broad black band
from base occupies all discoidal cell, extending considerably below and
beyond it, and united by a narrower extension to a broad border on
hind-margin ; the latter containing five variously-shaped white spots
(of which that next costa is very small, the second, third, and fifth of
moderate size, the fourth large and ovate), and so ividcncd on inner
viargiii as to occupy the outer half of it ; sometimes in black discoidal
cell a paler or whitish longitudinal streak. Hind-iving : a transverse
black stripe at base ; before middle a black stripe, with two or three
irregular indentations on its edges, straight across wing from costa
near apex to about middle of inner margin ; from commencement of
this band all along hind-margin to anal angle a black band — abniptly
widened, and with a straight inner edge parallel to the band before
middle, from discoidal nervule to inner margin — containing six good-
sized white spots. Cilia yellowish-white. Under side. — Fore-iving :
black markings clouded with white near inner margin, and along upper
part of discoidal cell, dull and brownish tinted in central portion, and
replaced by grey-dusted ochreous at apex ; in discoidal cell, a broad lon-
gitudinal yellowish-white stripe. Hind-iving : costa, especially near
base, edged with orange-yellow ; basal, median, and liind-margincd
bands dark-grcy-dusted ochreous; median band more irregular and
macular than on upper side ; spots on hind-margin larger, but not so
clearly defined ; neuration yellowish-white.

$ Similar to $, but commonly loith the groimd-coluur tinged with
sulphur-yelloiv ; the black markings duller, and sometimes tinged with

78 SOUTH-AFKICAX EUTTEEFLIES.

broivn. Umdek side. — Fore-wing : blackish markings not clouded with
white ; white markings generally more or less tinged with sulphur-
yellow. Hind-ioing : all the white markings usually more or less
tinged with sulphur-yellow along margins of wing.

As above noted, the size of this species is very variable. I have
observed that, although large examples are found throughout the
South-African range, all the smallest specimens come from the drier
(usually upland and interior) tracts.

Variety A. — $ and $ {Melanarge, Butl.).

^ Ground-colour decidedly creamy; along hind-margins a dull
ochrey-reddish tinge tinging both black border (especially about apex
of fore-wing) and outer part of its creamy spots. Ukder side. —
Hind-iving and apical hind-marginal area of fore-wing suffused ivith
dull ochrey-reddish (in the imler portions with a tinge of pink) dusted
toith dark-grey ; the dark bands and border very ill-defined reddish-
brown, in some specimens scarcely distinguishable.

$ (Two examples). Ground-colour pale sulphur-yellow. Under
SIDE. — As in ^, but the ochi-ey tint paler, not so red, and with the
position of the typical white markings vaguely indicated by some
whitish clouding. Forc-wivg : pale markings sulphur-yellow.

{Hah. — Natal, Delagoa Bay, Transvaal, Griqualand West, Damara-
land, and Somaliland.)

From Mr. Butler's description (loc. cit.) I think that there can be
no doubt that his Melanarge, of which he describes three male examples
from Somaliland, is identical with the Variety A. just described.'^ I
should also refer to the same variety his Lacteipennis {Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii. p. 489, 1876), from Abyssinia, notwith-
standing its unusually small size {exp. cd. i in. 7 lin.), if it were not
for his description of the hind-wings as having " several submarginal
black spots, sagittate (with the j^oints upwards), towards apex," which
looks as if the ordinary white-spotted black border of the upper side
were wanting on those wings.

I have not been able to discover any character by which Tritogcnia,
Klug, can be separated from Eripliia, Godt. The description of the
latter only differs in giving four instead of six white spots in the black
border of the hind-wing ; but these spots vary a good deal in size and
distinctness, and Godart probably did not include the first large costal
spot (which, indeed, is but narrowly separated from the central
white field) ; and I have seen several examples in which the sixth
(last) spot is almost obsolete. Mr. Butler, in the paper last cited,
observes: " Eripliia, which I have examined from Angola, is a larger
and more creamy-coloured insect than H. Tritogenia (with which it
has been united), . . . the markings are not quite the same on

^ Under the name of Jlcrpccnia iterata, Mr. Butler has recorded some examples from
Kilima-Njaro [F. J. Jackson\ stated to differ from II. melanarge only in its considerably
larger size (55 mm. = about 2 in. 2 lin.), and in the broader subbasal black belt and larger
white marginal spots in the hind-wings {/Voc. Zool. Soc. Lond., iSSS, p. 96).

riERlN.E. 79

the Liiul-wiDgs." Ho does not, however, specify what differences
exist.

Geyer (op. cit.) figures a $ from " South Africa," which agrees
very well with specimens taken near Grahamstown and in Kaffrana
Proper, but iu one point differs from every other example that I have
seen, viz., in the narrow but complete separation of the disco-cellular
longitudinal black band from the hind-marginal black border on the
upper side of both fore-wings.

Boisduval, describing northern specimens under the name Trito-
gcnia, mentions that the $ has a whiter ground-colour than the $.
This is quite the exception in southern examples. I took one such $
near Grahamstown in 1870, but all the others I have seen exhibit a
more or less decided inclination to pale-yellow.

HopfFer (op. cit.) notes that the ground-colour varies as much in
the Mozambique specimens as in those from Nubia and Senegal,
and mentions one example of the variety with the brown under-side
colouring.

The general resemblance of this pied butterfly to the "Marbled
White" Satyr ince of Europe (Mdanargia Galathca, Linn., and allies)
has been noticed by many lepidopterists. The form and position of
the longitudinal band of the fore-wings and the straight transverse
ante-median band of the hind-wings are very singular, and the only
other species in which similar (though smaller and duller) markings
occur is Tcracolus Eccnina, Wallengr., $.

I had the pleasure of observing this beautiful insect in life for the first time
at the end of January 1870, near Grahamstown, and during the following
month met with it not uncommonly in that neighbourhood. It frequented
steep hillsides on the borders of woods, but never entered the shade of the
woods themselves ; delighting in the Scahiosa flowers, which were abundant in
such stations. It is very conspicuous on the wing, and is easily captured, beuig
rather slow of flight and settling frequently. I afterwards saw the species near
Uitenhage. There is no part of South Africa proper Avhere this butterfly
appears to be abundant, but it is evidently numerous in the South-Tropical belt
between 23° and 20°, twenty-five examples occurring in ]\Ir. J. A. Bell's small
collection made in Damaraland, and nineteen in a series collected by Mr. A. W.
Eriksson between the northern limit of the Transvaal country and Gubulewayo,
in Matabeleland. Mr. H. Barber informed me that two specimens he sent from
Matabeleland were captured while drinking at a hole dug to collect water.

Localities of Herpcenia Eriphia.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Swellendam (W. Cairncross). Knysna {Mi^s
Went worth). Spectakel (L. Peringuey) and Ookiep {G. Warden),
Namaqualand District. Prieska, Orange River, Victoria West
District {F. Purcetl).
h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. GrahamstoAvn. Kleinemond River,
Bathurst District (i7. /. Atlierstonc). Murraysburg (/. /.
Maskett).

8o SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (J. H. Boiclier). " Iviinbeiiey." —

H. L. Feltham.

d. Basutoland. — Koro Koro and Headwaters of Orange River (J. H.

Boiclier).

C. Orange Free State. — Hebron (TF. Morant).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. //. Bou-lier).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (71/. J. M'Ken). Pinetown {H. J.

Harford.— Ya.x. A.). " Tugela River."— E. C. Buxton.

b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt (/. M. Hutchinson).
G. " Swaziland."— E. C. Buxton.

H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques (Mrs. IMonteiro. — Type and
Var. A.).

K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom District and Origstadt, Lydenburg Dis-
trict (?'. Ayres. — Type and Var. A). Marico River {F. C. Selous.
— Type and Var. A.).

L. Bechuanaland. Kamhanni Pass and Klibbolikhonni (the late J. W.
Burchell).

XL Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (the late C. J. Anderssoti, J. A. Bell,
and J. J. Christie. — Type and Var. A.). "Angola (Monteiro)."
— Druce. "Angola: Loai\da {R. Meldola)." — Butler. "Congo:
Kinsembo (H. Ansell)." — Butler.

h. Eastern Coast. — Zambesi (Rev. H. Roivley). — Coll. Hope Oxon.
" Tette (Zambesi) and Querimba." — Hoptt'er. — Type and Var. A.
Mombasa : " Lake Jipe (0. Kersten)." — Gerstacker.

hi. Eastern Interior. — Matabeleland : Sinquasi (//. Barber). Be-
tween North Transvaal and Gubulewayo {A. W. Erilisson).

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — " Senegal." — Boisduval.

h. Eastern Coast. — " Somaliland (Thrupp)." — Butler. — Var. A. Red

Sea : " Massowah (RaffraT/)." — Oberthiir.
6i. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia : " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthiir.

'■^l\o\doian {Vienna Museum)." — Moschler. Soudan: "Atbara
i . River." — Butler. White Nile. — Coll. Hewitson. Dongola :

" Ambukohl."— Klug.

Genus TERACOLUS.

Teracolits, Swains., Zool. lUustr., 2nd Ser., vol. iii. text to pi. 115 (1833).
A/ifhocharis, Boisd. [part], Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 556, and Idmais, Boisd., p.

584(1836).
Anthocharis (Sect, iii., Callosune) and Idmaie, E. DoubL, Gen. D. Lep., i,

pp. 57 and 59 (1847).
Anthopsyche and Pii/chopferyx, Wallengr., K. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad.

Handl., 1857 ; Lep. Rhop. CaflV., pp. 10 and 17.
Thespia, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1858, p. 77.
Anthocharis and Idmais, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. pp. 42 and 60 (1862).
Teracolus, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 47 (1869) ; and [Revision] Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1876, p. 126.

Imago. — ffead rather small, densely hairy ; eyes large, globose,
smooth ; paljn rather short, slender, laterally compressed, ascendant,

PIERIN/E. 8 1

—basal and middle joints densely clothed beneath with projecting
hairs of unequal length, — terminal joint small, thin, rather acute,
directed forward, clothed with short appressed hairs ; antcnncc short
and rather thick, with a somewhat abruptly-formed, broad, flattened
club, blunt at the tip.

Thorax rather robust or moderately slender, clothed superiorly
with close silky hair (longer laterally and posteriorly), and inferiorly
with a shorter, denser down. Fore-wings with costa but slightly
arched ; apex varying from rather acute to rounded ; hind-margin
entire, rarely prominent in apical portion, sometimes convex in middle
(especially in $) ; inner margin almost always nearly straight, or but
slightly hollowed about middle (but in the Fausta group prominently
convex in $) ; costal nervure extending to about middle ; first and
second subcostal nervules originating not far apart at some distance
before extremity of discoidal cell, and usually closely approximate
throughout, — the first often almost touching costal nervure, — third
nervule short, originating nearer to apex than to extremity of cell, and
usually terminating at apex, but sometimes very short and ending on
costa; upper radial nervule united to subcostal just at extremity of
discoidal cell; upper disco-cellular nervule short (in Daira group
extremely short) curved inwardly, — lower one three times as long,
sub-angulated inwardly, moderately oblique inferiorly. Hind-wing:
costa very prominently convex at base, but not strongly arched gene-
rally (except in Suhfasciatus and the Fausta group) ; hind-margin entire
or but very slightly sinuated ; costal nervure rather short, terminating
at a little beyond middle ; second subcostal nervule usually originating
before, or considerably before, extremity of discoidal cell (but in several
groups at that extremity, and in the Daira group slightly hc7/07id it) ;
lower disco-cellular nervule long, sub-angulated, oblique, joining third
median nervule at some distance from latter's origin ; internal nervure
extending to beyond middle ; inner margins very prominent basally,
and meeting so as to hide basal half or more of abdomen ; anal angle
rounded. legs of moderate length and thickness, scaly ; femora with
short hair beneath ; tibia) of fore and middle legs shorter, of hind-legs
considerably longer, than femur, — their terminal spurs short ; tarsi
long, spinulose beneath.

Abdomen slender, rather short.

Larva. — Resembling that of Picris, but stouter anteriorly, and
segmental incisions deeper ; some short scattered hairs, sparsely distri-
buted, but more numerous laterally ; dorsal surface with marked trans-
verse rugge, and two transverse rows of tubercular spots on each segment.

Pupa. — Head acuminate somewhat abruptly, but rather wide and
with eye-covers prominent. Thorax dorsally moderately convex, late-
rally very slightly sub-angulated at bases of wing-covers. Wing-
covers exceedingly prominent ventrally, highly convex in outline, but
laterally compressed keel-fashion. Abdomen slender, straight, dorsally
VOL. III. F

82 SOUTII-AFPJCAX BUTTERFLIES.

flattened, its aual extremity bluntly bifid. Silken girth in depression
about base of abdomen, only free from a point near middle of each
wing-cover.

The above characters of larva and pupa are taken from specimens
of those stages of T. Antevippe (Boisd.) received alive from Colonel
Bowker, and also from spirit specimens of another Teracolus (T. Achinc,
Cram., or T. Gavisa, Wallengr.) obtained from Mr. W. D. Gooch. A
pupa of T. Pleione, (King), in the British Museum, is of a somewhat
stouter build, but does not materially differ.

The pupa of Teracolus is at once distinguishable from that of Antlio-
charis by its much shorter and more abruptly (instead of very gradually)
acuminate head, and much more bulging wing-covers. Its outline
and shape combine most of the characters of Anthocharis and Colias,
while the prominent keeled wing-covers resemble those of Gonepteryx.

The alliance of this genus with Fieris is apparent, the chief dis-
tinguishing characters being the shorter palpi and antennas and the
differing neuration of the fore-wings, in which the first and second
subcostal nervules originate close together at some distance before the
extremity of the discoidal cell, and the upper radial nervule is united
to the subcostal nervure just at the extremity of that cell. Its affinity
to the genus Colias is more remote (although in pattern and colouring
of the under side the Amata group has a strong resemblance to it, and
the robust type species, T. suhfasciatus, is not unlike it in appear-
ance), the antennic and palpi being totally different, as well as the
subcostal neuration of the fore-wings.

It is not without reluctance that I adopt Swainson's name of
Teracolus ^ for this genus ; but, as I agree with Mr. Butler that Swain-
son's type (Suhfasciatus), though presenting several special minor char-
acters, cannot be generically separated either from Idmais, Boisd.,
or Callosunc, Doubl., the law of priority demands this course.

Neither structure nor pattern is by any means uniform in this
large and difficult group. Besides the variations pointed out in my
diagnosis, numerous divergences occur as regards the thickness of both
antennas and wings and the system of coloration in the latter. After
careful investigation of a large number of species, I consider that the
genus may with advantage be arranged in nineteen sections," as fol-
lows, viz. : —

Section I. — Representative : Suhfasciatus, Sws.
General structure rohust ; ^vings thick. Antcnnce rather short and
thick, with hroad hlunt club. Fore-wings acute in hoth sexes ; hind-wings

■' The derivation of this name given in Agassiz's Nomcndator Zoologicus, viz., "r^pas,
miraculum ; kuXos, mntilus," seems altogether fanciful; and it is almost certain, from
Swainson's text, that tlie founder coined the term as a combination of Tcrias and Colias.
In Swainson's figure of the neuration the first subcostal nervule is omitted.

- The sections which appear to have no representative in South Africa proper are
enclosed within square brackets.

riElilN^E. 83

u-ith a fringe of hairs on casta near Inxsc} First and second subcostal
nervules of fore-wings closely approximate ; hind-wings with discoidal
cell more than half their length, costa and cosled ncrvure strongly arched,
second subcostal nervule originating some distance before extremity of
discoidal cell.

$ SiUpkiir-ycIloir, with apical 2iatch of fore-wing almost concolorous,
hut with an incomjiletc internal hroad hlacl: border. ^ j^9a/(T tvith orange-
red ajnccd pia-teh. Under side dull greenish-white striolated with dusky-
grey.

1 Species.

Bange. — South Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa as
far as 30° lat.

Section II. — Representative : Agoyc, Wallengr,

Wings thin ; fore-wings apically prominent, with apex subacute
in both sexes ; hind->\ings not much arched costally. Junction (in
fore-wings) of upp)er radial nervule ivith subcostal ncrvure farther from
base, so that u'pper disco-celhdar ncrvidc is strongly curved and extended,
outwardly, forming a very acute nj-tpcr angle to discoidal cell; hind-
wings with discoidal cell half their length, second subcostal nervule
originating much nearer extremity of discoidal cell than in Section I.

White, with small ochrcy orangc-ycllmv or ycllow-ochrcous apiccd
pcdch in fore-wings^ in $ black-bordered inu-ardly, is $ nuich duller and
broadly blackish or broiimish-bordcrcd on both sides. Under side whitish
or faint-yellowish, almost devoid of marking.

Ncrvures in $ more or less black on up2)cr side.

2 Species. — Agoyc, Wallengr. ; Boickeri, Trim.

Range. — South Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa
as far as 30° lat.

Section III. — Representative : Eris, Klug,

Structure of Section I., but less robust, and shape of foro-wings as
in Section 11.

^ White, with moderate- sized didl yellotvish-ochrcous cqnccd pcdch,
slightly glossed vjith violet, bordered outwardly with broivn and imcardly
ivith black; an intensely blach inner -margined band in fore-wings and
narroivcr costcd band in hind-icings : under side white or yellowish-
white. $ White, yellotvish-white, or sulphur-ycllov) ; ^xde p)a,rt of apical
p)atch reduced to some separcde elongate u-liitish or ycllou'ish spots ; inner-
marginal band of fore-wings much narrower and duller ; costal band
of hind- wings obsolete ; under side yellow-ochreous.

3 Species. — Eris, Klug ; Fcdma, Feld. ; Coliagenes, Butl.
Range. — All Africa (except Extra-Tropical North Africa west of

Egypt) and Arabia.

^ This fringe of hairs (which occurs in both sexes) is quite peculiar to T. suhfasciatus, no
otlier sj^ecies in the entire genus possessing it. This character recurs, however, in Ervnia
Lcda.

84 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Section IV. — Representative : lone, Goclt.

Structure of Sections I. and III., but fore-wings aykally not so
l^romincnt as in Sections II. and III, nor so acute at apex itself as
in Section I ; and liind-margin in $ inclining to convexity ; club
of antenncc less abrupihj formed and not so broad at tip ; costa of
liind-wings not much arclied, discoidal cell less than half their
length.-^

^ White, with glittering-violet apical patch, blachish-bordered extei'-
nally (except in Uitnoma, Hopff.) cmd iiiternally (except in ^;«io??i« and
Hetccra, Gerst.) ; neuration generally black in p)a^'i'ts ; under side white
or pale-yellowish, with faint traces of a dark discal ray in hind-wings.
$ White, yelloivish-ivhite, or sidphiir-yellow ; apical p)ci-tch violet or orange-
red, broadly black-bordered and traversed by black spots, or black tvith a
median roiu of tvhitc spots ; bases more or less clouded with blackish ;
terminal parts of longitudinal blackish bands usually well-marked
in both fore and hind wings ; under side yellower or redder than
in ^, with a more or less complete elbowed discal dark ray in hind-
wings.

This Section contains (with Section V.) the largest species of the
Genus.

7 Species. — lone, Godt. ; Spcciosa, Wallengr. ; Jobina, Butl. ;
Fhlegyas, Butl. ; Eegina, Trim. ; Hctaira, Gerst. ; Eunoma, Hopff.

Puingc. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa as far
as 30° lat.

[Section V. — Representative : Mananhari, Ward.

Structure of Section IV., but fore-wings with apex more rounded,
and discoidal cell of hind- wings about half their length.

^ Sidphur-yelloiv, loith rather narroio plain black apical patch.
$ Yclloivish-white, with rather wide black hind-margined border to both
fore and hind wings. Under side yellow, marked much as in Spcciosa
(Sect. IV.).

I Species.

Range. — Madagascar.]

[Section VI. — Representative : Hcdimedc, Klug.

Structure as in Section IV., but hind- wings with discoidal cell half
their length.

White, ivith an apiccd blackish border, but no patch ; an ochreous-
yelloiu or orange-yelloio suffusion over inner-marginal (and sometimes also
disco-cellular) area of fore-wings and costal (and sometimes disco-cellular
and lower disced area of hind-wings ; usually a basal grey patch in fore-
wings. ^ tvith a common discal series of black spots, larger in fore-
wings. Under side white or whitish, with discal series of spots very
small in $ and small in ^.

^ In T. Regina, Trim., the lower radial nervule of fore-wings originates much nearer to
the upper one, so that the upper disco-cellular nervule is almost as short as in Section xiv.

riEKIX.'E. 85

4 Specios. — Halimedc, King; C'ldestis, Swinlioo ; Ildiocaustus,
Butl. ; riclonc, King.

Kange. — Eastern Nortli-Tro])ical Africa and Southern Arabia.]

[Sectiox VII. — Kepresentative : Fansta, Oliv.

Ncuraiion of wings gcncrallij and strong costal arch of hind-vAngs as
ill Section J., but discoidal cell of liind-wings less tLan half their length.
Fore-wings apicallij as in Section IV., hut (in $) inner margin x^romi-
nently convex from base to a little hegond middle, and ivimediatchj ahove
the sinuated siihmcdian nermire a narrow elongate sac hfore middle.
JReddish-isahelline or creamy salmon-red, with incomj^lcte concolorous
apical patch, bordered on both sides with black, the outer {hind-mar-
ginal) border with spots of the ground-colour. Under side very pale
reddish-creamy or yellowish-creamy, deeper towards bases ; ^ almost
without markings, $ with ill-defined macular discal dark-grey ray.

4 Species. — Fausta, Oliv. ; Fanstiva, Feld. ; Fulvia, Wall. ; Vi,
Swinhoe.

Kange. — Sj'ria, Arabia, N.W., W., and S. India.

(Part of Boisduval's Genus Idmais — " Groupe I.")]

[Section YIII. — Representative : Amata, Fab.

Fore-wings elongate, slightly prominent apically, apes itself not
acute. Neuration ordinary, but hind-ivings with second subcostcd nervide
originating only just before extremity of discoidal cell, which is rather
less than half the length of the wing. Creamy salmon-red or salmon-
red and white {$), yellowish or white — sometimes bascdly flushed with
scdmon-red — ($), 2vith broad Mack hind-margined border enclosing one
row or tivo roivs of spots of the ground-colour ; disco-cellular terminal
black spot in fore-wings much enlarged, usually united to base by a
costal or subcostal blackish stripe. Under side resembling that of
genus Colias, greenish-yelloiv or greenish, the borders scarcely indicated
by pale-greyish ; a discal row of fuscous spots, mostly indistinct in ^,
but better defined and tinged with red in $.

9 Species. — Amata, Fab. ; Calais, Cram. ; Phisadia, Godt. ; Dyna-
mene, Klug ; Vestalis, Butl. ; Eorus, Swinhoe ; Fcelus, Swinh. ; Puel-
laris, Butl. ; Castalis, Stand.

Range. — Tropical Africa, Southern Arabia, Madagascar, N.W., W.,
and S. India and Ceylon.

(Part of Boisduval's Genus Idmais — " Groupe 11.")]

Section IX. — Representative : Fanai', Fab.

Structure and neuration of Section IV. ; but hind-ivings with dis-
coidal cell in $ hcdf in $ less than half, their length. $ White, with
very large vivid crimson-red {sometimes violet-shot) apical patch, inicardly
tvith a broad black border ; bases often suffused with grey ; under side
white, yellowish, or reddish-creamy, with a common discal series of dark
{often sub-ocellate) sjMts. $ White or some shade of yellow ivith all the

86 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

UackisJi marldngs {especially the basal suffusion) enlarged ; coloured 'por-
tion of apical patch usually pialer and duller, intersected hy a macidar
UacJcish ray, and sometimes reduced to a mere row of d%dl-r eddish or even
ochrey-whitish rays in the middle of the hlach ; under side deeper in
tint than in $, — the discal spots larger,

1 1 Species. — Dancte, Fab. ; Eupompe, King ; Antcupompc, Feld. ;
Dedecora, Feld. ; Annce, Wallengr. ; Wcdlcngrenii, Butl. ; Didcis,
Butl. ; Snhroscus, Swinh. ; TapiUni, Swinh. ; Miles, Butl. ; Wcdkeri,
Butl.

Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa, Arabia,
India, and Ceylon.

Section X. — Representative : Eucharis, Fab.

Fore-wings shaped as in Section IV., &c., hwt first and second suh-
costcd nervulcs not so close together, and tJiird vmch shorter, — ending on
eosta at some little distance heforc apex. Hind-wings (in both sexes)
with discoidal cell less than half their length ; second subcostal nervule
originating not far before extremity of discoidal cell.

White or yellowish-white or sulphur-yellow, with large hroad orange
apiccd patch, outiuardly (ctnd sometimes very faintly iynvardhj) hlack-
hordered ; patch pcder in ^ and traversed ly the upper part of a common
discal series of hlachish spots. Under side. — Yellow or reddish, with
discal markings indistinctly reproduced in $.

6 Species. — Eibcharis, Fab. ; Evarne, Klug ; Auxo, Lucas ; Toplia,
Wallengr.; Citreus, Butl.; Liagore, Klug (excl. " $ ").

Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa, India,
and Ceylon.

[Section XL — Representative : Etrida, Boisd.

Structure not examined ; apparently as in Section X,

White, with small orange apical patch, widely Uaeh-hordered hath
externally and interncdly, especially in $, which has bases rather
widely suffused with blackish. Under side. — White with 5^ellow
Iwrders, or yellowish generally, with a discal series of blackish or
brownish spots, not well-marked in $, but better developed in $.

4 Species. — Etrida, Boisd. ; PernoicUus, Butl. ; Casimirus, Butl. ;
Bimhura, Moore.

Range. — India.]

[Section XII. — Representative : Evanthe, Boisd.

Structure slight, ivings very tliin. Fore-ioings with rounded apex
and rather convex hind-margin. Hind-wings with second subcostal
nervule originating at extremity of upper part of discoidal cell, which
is less than half the length of the wing.

White, with a moderate-sized ccpical pxitch, — in the $ orange with a
narrovj outer hlack harder ctnd a hroad diffused inner one (interrupted
hctween suhcostcd nervurc and lower radicd nervule^, — in the ^ hlachish

riKiiix.K 87

u-ilh a dull oehrc-omnfjc central hnr or witolli/ hlackisk. Undkr side. —
AMiito or ye'llowisli, marl-cdli/ strlolaied vnlh (jray.

2 Species. — Ju-anthc, Boisd. ; rscndcvanlltr, Jliitl.

llange. — IMacla.^'ascar and AVestern India.]

Section XIII. — Representative : Hirnina, Wallengr.

Fore-wings shaped as in Section IV., but neuvation of liind-wings
as in Section XII.

$ White, with a rather laiyc oramjc apical patch very narrowhj
llaclc-hordercd externally, hut diffusedly or not at all internally; an ill-
defined greyish and Mack inner-viaryinal stripe in fore-n-inys, and a
Uaclcish costcd stripe in hind-wings. % with orange patch imler, traversed
hy a siibmamlar black streak ; irregular basal blackish clouding, in fore-
wings extending from base to extremity of discoidal cell and beyond and
beneath it, in hind-wings not reaching to middle. Under side varying
from white to creamy or pinkish-creamy; iu hind-wings a central
dusky longitudinal ray (sometimes obsolete).

I Species. — Fvcnina, Wallengr.

Eange.— South-Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa
as far as 30'' lat.

Section XIV. — Representative : Daira, Klug.

Fore-tvings elongate, in $ apiccdly prominent, in $ loith convex hind-
marrjin ; first and second subcostal nervides more uidely separated ; upper
radial nervide originating at vpper acute angle of extremity of discoidal
cell, almost as in Section 11. ; loioer radial nervide originating very near
subcostal nerviire, so that dipper disco-celhdar nervide is very short. Hind-
wings with second subcostal nervule originating slightly beyond extremity
of discoidcd cell, which is very short, — much less than half length of wing.

$ White, unth good-sized orange apiccd patch, outivardly black-
bordered, inwardly tvithout any black or with a black mark or spot
inferiorly ; longitudinal black stripes in both wings very unstable, wholly
wanting in some species, but in others very broadly developed, — in
hind-wings lower portion of black discal ray often more or less united
Avith hind-marginal black marks. $ with apical patch usucdly traversed
or inwardly bordered by a black mae2dar ray, — in other respects very
like $. Under side white or whitish, more or less varied with yellow
or reddish-creamy, — usually with a very faint reproduction of the upper-
side dark markings in the hind-wings.

II Species. — Daira, Klug; Thruppi, Butl. ; Ycrbnrii, Swinh. ;
Xanthus, Swinh. ; Antigone, Boisd. ; Phlegetonia, Boisd. ; Odysseus,
Swinh. ; Saxeus, Swinh. ; Nouna, Lucas ; Evagore, Klug ; Dcmagore, Feld.

Range. — Whole of Africa, Southern Arabia.

Section XV. — Representative : A chine. Cram.
Fore-wings shaped as in Section IV., but first and second subcostal
nervules farther apart ; hind-icings with second suhcosicd nervule origi-

88 SOITTH-AFRTCAX BUTTERFLIES.

nating at upper part of extremity of discoiclal cell, which is less than
half length of wing.

^ White, ivith h'ight-red, rosy-glossed, moderate-sized apical patch,
hordered outwardly hy Hack, u^hich radiates hroadly on nervules, and
imvardly hy narrmuer Mack (sometimes evanescent or obsolete) ; 07'di-
nary longitudinal hlackish stripes on inner margin of fore-ivings and
costa of hind-ivings usiially p)rescnt, moderately developed. $ with red of
apical loatch duller, much m,ore widely Uach-hord erect outwardly, and
traversed or inwardly hordered hy a hroad hlach ray ; longitudinal sti'ipes
(especially that on inner m.argin of fore-wings) very much hroader, and
hind-marginal border and discal ray often widened so as to meet.
Under side white, whitish, or tinged with creamy-yellow or creamy-
reddish, traversed in $ by a common blackish or brownish discal ray ;
neuration sometimes black.

6 Species. — Achine, Cram.; Gavisa, Wallengr. ; Antevipp)e, Boisd.;
Simplex, Butl. ; Lais, Butl. ; Halycdtes, Butl.

Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa.

Section XVI. — Representative : Evippe, Linn.

Like Group XV., hut fore-wings with hind-margin in ^ C07ivex, in
$ very convex or cdmost hluntly elhowcd about third and second median
7iervides.

$ White, with hriglU-red {not rosy-glossed) curved apiccd jmtch,
outwardly hordered hroadly hy hlack, which docs not deeply or hroadly
radiate on ncrmdcs, and inwardly hy hlach varying from very hroad to
very narrow ; hlach longitudinal stripes sometimes wanting, sometimes
moderately developed, or very heavily marked; discal ray (lower part)
of hind-wings equally variable. $ White, ycllouish, or yellow, with
apical red much duller, narrower, more curved, — sometimes wanting, heing
replaced hy hlack; longitudinal hlack stripes (as well as disced ray in
hind-iDings) cdiuays present, sometimes exceedingly hroad. Under side
white, yellowish, or faint pinkish-creamy ; discal ray usually well-
marked, especially in $.

5 Species. — Evippe, Linn. ; Omphcde, Godt. ; Theogonc, Boisd. ;
Loandieus, Butl. ; Microcale, Butl.

Range. — Tropical Africa and Extra-Tropical South Africa.

Section XVII. — Representative : Celimene, Lucas.

Fore-wings in ^ apically considerahly produced ; apex itself mode-
rately acute ; hind-margin superiorly convex and inferiorly concave ;
liind-wings with anal angular portion slightly produced. % with these
characters much less pronounced. Neuration as in Section XIV.,
except that in hind-wings second subcostal nervule originates a little
before extremity of discoidal cell.

^ White, with very large purplish-lahe, violet-glossed apical patch,
hordered outwardly and intvardly with hlach, traversed hy a hlach ray,
and crossed hy hlach ncrvidcs ; hind-margin of hind- wings spotted or

PIERIN.'E. 89

bordered with black. $ wUk apical patch Hack {sometimes imrtlij
marked very faintlij with purplish), tvith a central row of lake-red or
u-hite si)ots. Under side creamy or pale-yellow, with neuration heyond
basal area more or less ferruyinous-red ; apical patch imvardly rose-red,
outwardly like hind-ivings ; lase of fore-winys with a red or orange
suffusion.

4 Species. — Cclimene, Lucas; I'holoe, Wallengr. ; Zoij, CJraiidi-
dier ; Praxlarus, Butl.

Range. — Tropical Africa; Extra-Tropical South Africa as far as
27° lat. ; Madagascar.

[Section XVIII. — Representative : Eidimene, Klug.

Fore-wings moderately produced apically ; apex itself rather
rounded.

White, ivith rather small ochrcous-ycUow (in $ shot with pink) apiccd
patch, outiuardly very narrowly, imvardly broadly, black bordered ; ter-
minal disco-cellular black spot very large. Under side white, %oith
neumtioii mostly orange-red ; hind-margins tinged with sulphur-yellow ;
an orange-red longitudinal stripe along costa of fore-wings ; a discal
series of black spots, larger in %. Sexes very similar ; all black mark-
ings stronger in %.

[Characters taken from King's figures.]

I Species. — Eidimene, Klug.

Range. — Eastern North-Tropical Africa.]

Section XIX. — Representative : Clirysonome, Klug.

Fore- wings as in Section IV., but hind-wings with second sub-
costal nervule originating at, or only a little distance before, extre-
mity of discoidal cell, which is considerably less than half length of
wing.

Creamy ochreous-ycUoiv with white bases, black Idnd-marginal borders
spotted ivith ground-colour, and a simiated black discal ray in fore-wings
{sometimes in hind-wings cdso) ; or sidphur-yellow ivith black ajyieal
jmtch and hind-margined borders similarly spotted. Under side tvhitish
or sulphur-yellow {field of fore-wings sometimes deep ochreous-yelloiv),
with more or less broad oclireous-ferruginous neuration and transverse
{sometimes submacidar bars of the same colour. Sexes very similar.

8 Species. — Chrysonome, Klug ; Vesta, Reiche ; Vellcda, Lucas ;
Amelia, Lucas ; Gaudens, Butl. ; Aurigineus, Butl. ; JIanningtoni,
Butl. ; Protomedia, Klug.

Range. — All Africa except Extra-Tropical Northern to west of
Egypt, and Extra-Tropical Southern to south of 30° lat.

It will be seen from the above analysis that twelve of the nineteen
sections are represented in South Africa, and the same number in
North-Tropical Africa, while South- Tropical Africa is richer than both
by one section. Twelve sections are peculiar to Africa, including

90 SOUTII-AFIUCAX BUTTERFLIES.

Arabia, to which four of them extend ; while three others are common
to Africa, Arabia, and India. One section {Etrida gronp) is peculiar
to India, and one (MancmJiari group) to Madagascar ; while another
(Uvcmthe group) is common and peculiar to those two countries. India
possesses representatives of six sections and Madagascar of four. Of
the ninety species here enumerated, fifty-five appear to be peculiar to
Continental Africa, or sixty-nine to the entire Ethiopian Region, includ-
ing Aral^ia and Madagascar, which latter has yielded four endemic
forms, while nine appear to be limited to Arabia. In South-Africa I
recognise twenty-nine species, of which five only are not recorded as
occurring beyond the tropical limit.

In these statements it must be noted that the numbers can only bo
regarded as generally indicative of the actual distribution. There is,
perhaps, no genus of Ijutterflies more puzyAing to deal w^ith than Tcra-
colus, owing mainly to the multitude of closely-allied forms, the dispa-
rity in pattern and coloration exhibited by the sexes, and the instability
of colouring and markings in the females. It is probable that no two
lepidopterists would even approach agreement in discriminating the
known species, and the mass of the genus must remain in a very
unsatisfactory state until careful breeding of successive generations
from the ova can be systematically applied to its elucidation. Even in
South-Africa, as far as I can learn, only two or three species have been
reared from the larvae ; but some little aid has been afforded by the
record of the capture of the sexes in cojiuld.

In Mr. Butler's "Revision" in 1876, forty-one South- African
species were enumerated, and of these nineteen were for the first time
described. I have had the advantage of examining the tjq^es of these
species in the very large series of Tvracohis contained in the collection
of the British Museum, and comparing them with my own series from
South Africa, and arrived at the conclusion that only five of them
presented characters warranting specific separation from previously
desci'ibed forms.

The beauty of most of these butterflies is very remarkable, espe-
cially in the $ s, wdiere the brilliantly-tinted tips of the fore-wings,
usually relieved by black edging, contrasts with a pure-white or pale-
yellow field. The lone group perhaps carries off the palm of loveli-
ness, the lustre of the glittering violet tips (in T. Regina quite metallic)
being unequalled in any other group, though the intense rich crimson
of the tips of T. Danae and its near allies is almost equally splendid.
Bright-red, orange-red, orange, and yellow of various shades are the
colours that ornament the wing-tips of most of the groups, while the
Celimcne section has an immense purple patch of a lustre inferior only
to that in the lone section.

As will be seen, however, in the account of the characters of the
several sections given above, there are five groups, viz., those of
Manctnliari, Halimedc, Fausta, Amata, and Chrysonome, in which the

apex of the fore-wing is not rendered conspicuous by any bright con-
trasting colour. All these groups except the first are specially preva-
lent in the barren or even desert tracts of Eastern North -Tropical
Africa, Southern Arabia, and Western India ; but it must at the same
time be noted that a good many of the brightly-tipped species of
other groups inhabit the same countries.

The under side, where not white, is singularly colourless, apart
from various tints more or less approaching the isabelline ; and it is
only in the Celimene, Fulimene, and Clirysonome sections that a more
lively coloration, characterised by red neuration, is found.

In South Africa, undoubtedly the tract most productive of this
genus is that lying between the tropical boundary and 30° lat. ;
indeed, the Snhfasciaius, Agoyc, lone, Uvenina, and Vesta groups do
not appear to range any farther to the southward, and the Celimene
group stops short about lat. 28° As far as my records go, all the
twelve South-African groups are represented in Transvaal (eighteen
species known) ; nine in Cape Colony, including the territories of
Griqualand West and Basutoland (seventeen species) ; eight in Natal
(eighteen species) ; eight in Swaziland (thirteen species) ; eight in
Delagoa Bay (twelve species) ; and six in Kaffraria Proper (eleven
species). The comparative richness of the Cape Colony is due to its
receiving several interior forms along its north-western and northern
border, viz., Suhfasciatus, Uvenina, Microcale, and Lais, and possessing
one (BowJccri) peculiar to that tract.

Besides the last-named butterfly, only four others seem to be pecu-
liar to South Africa, viz., Speciosa, Wallengr. ; Johina, Butl. ; Halyaitcs,
Butl. ; and Topha, Wallengr. ; and it is not improbable that further
exploration will prove that even these few also inhabit the tropical
region.

In the Cape Colony Teracohis thins out westward, only two species
— small varieties of Evenina, Wallengr., and Omphalc, Godt. — having
been taken in Little Namaqualand, and the latter form in the south-
west extending as far as Robertson. The Knysna district, besides
the variety of Omphale, has hitherto yielded only Achine, Cram., and
Antevip)pe, Boisd. ; but the eastern districts are far more productive,
possessing, in addition to the three last-named species, nine others,
viz., Eris, Klug ; Annce, Wallengr. ; Wallengrenii, Butl. ; Aiixo, Lucas ;
Topha, Wallengr. ; Gavisa, Wallengr. ; Theogone, Boisd. ; Phlegetonia,
Boisd. ; and Antigone, Boisd. All the species that I have seen in life
flit actively along the edges or about the outskirts of woods, with the
exception of Eris, which flies with great rapidity over more open
country. Even swifter than this last is (I learn from Colonel Bowker)
the beautiful Suhfasciatus — the type of the genus— which occurs in
Griqualand West.

92 SOUTII-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

265. (1.) Teracolus subfasciatus, Swainson.

(J Teracolus suhfasciatus, Swains., Zool. Illustr., 2nd. Ser., iii. pi. 115

(1833).
(J Antliodiaris suhfasciata, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 567, n. 12 (1836).
(J $ Ptijc]io2:>tcry.c Boliemani, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1857 ;

Lep. Kliop. Caffr., p. 18.
Thesjna Bohemcumi, Wallengr., K. Yet.-Akad. Forh., 1858, p. 77.
cJ $ Anthocharis suhfasciata, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 58, n. 38

(1862); and ii. p. 331 (1866).
Ptijclt02iteryx Boliemani, Butl., Lep. Exot., p. 45 (1870).
(^ Teracolus suhfasciatus, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 23 (1884).

Ex;p al, (^) 2 in. 1-3 J lin. ; (^) 2 in. 1-4 J lin.

^ Sidphur-yelloiv iviih deeper, somewhat ochre-tinged yclloio apical
patch. Forc-iving : a small, elongate, black disco-cellular spot ; costa
narrowly black-edged from near base, paling and narrowing into a
dull-fuscous apical border, whicli, outwardly bordering ochre-tinged
patch, extends along hind-margin nearly to end of first median nerrule ;
apical patch small, of the ground-colour, but suffused with greyish-
ochreous, crossed by four fuscous nervules, — inwardly hordcred hy a
broad black bar from costa, ending abruptly on or a little above third
median nervule, where a few dusky scales (in some specimens) form
an indistinct line between it and fuscous border. Hind-vjing : paler ;
a fuscous indistinct spot on costa beyond middle. Under side. —
Grcenish-iahite ; hind-iving and apex of fore-wing hatched closely loith
lines of ochrey-grey. Fore-wing : cellular spot wanting ; bar from
costa faintly showing. Hind-vjing : sometimes a thin, reddish line
on edge of costa near base ; hatching denser along costa, forming
a dusky border ; cellular fold, from base to hind-margiji, ivferiorly
marhcd by an oehrey-grey stripe.

$ Much paler, or sometimes nearly while; ap)iccd p)atc]i brighter or
duller orange. Fore-iving : cellular spot sometimes ill-defined ; fuscous
border broader, tinged with ferruginous ; costal edging reddish-grey ;
bar from costa reduced to a narrower fuscous submacular stripe, within
which the orange sometimes more or less extends ; along inner margin
some faint, dusky irroration, very rarely developed into a rather wide
longitudinal border. Hind-iving as in ^. Under side. — Similar;
hatchings dai'ker. Fore-wing : apical orange faintly indicated. Hind-
wing : costal hatching and cellular fold-streak more strongly marked.

The ^ is remarkably constant in colouring and marking, but the
%, in addition to the variable features just mentioned, occasionally
(two examples from Lydenbnrg District in Transvaal, and one from
Makloutse River, north of Bamangwato) has the under side of the hind-
wings and of the apical area of the fore-wings tinged with delicate
creamy-pinkish. In these three $ s the apical orange of the upper
side of the fore-wings is brighter than usual, and extends before the
reduced bar on its inner side.

On the convex part of the costa of the hind- wings there is (as

PIKIIIX.E. 93

WallengTen has pointed out) a fringo of moderately long, delicate,
silky-wliite hairs.

This very distinct aiul haiKlsonio species was discovered by Burchell in
1812, towards the northern limit of his Soutli-African journcyings. Through
Professor Westwood's kindness I was able to examine tlic original specimens,
and to refer to Burchell's manuscript list of localities of the species in his col-
lection. It appeared from the latter that three of the four examples were
captured at " Chue Spring," and the fourth at " Little Klip." Burchell gives
the latitude and longitude of the lirst of these localities, and I am thus able
to determine its position on recent maps as about Honing Vley, in British
Bechuanaland. Specimens from Motito, in the same tract of country, were
sent to me in 1866.

The range of Suhfasciatiis lies between 20° and 30° S. lat., and it is known
to occur from Damaraland on the Western Coast as far east as the Tati Kiver
in Matabeleland. Colonel Bowker took a good many specimens on the Vaal
River, Griqualand "West, and also sent a single example captured at Hope Town,
on the left bank of the Orange River. The latter is its most southern locality
known to me ; and it certainly appears to be most numerous in the tropical
portion of its range, Mr. J. A. Bell having brought no fewer than thirty-four
specimens in his small collection formed in Damaraland. Colonel Bowker
describes the butterfly as a swift flyer ; he found it on the wing at Klipdrift
(Barkly) in March and April, and took the Hope Town individual on ist JNIay
187 1. Mr. H. L. L. Feltham informs me that he occasionally sees specimens
in Kimberley, and took some in the month of December of the years 1884 and
1885. Wallengren records ^ ]\Ir. Person's note that in Southern Transvaal the
butterfly occurs in March and April.

Localities of Tcracolus suhfasciahts.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts. — Hope Town (/. //. Bowker).

c. Griqualand West. — Klipdrift (Barkly) [J. H. Bowlcer). " Kimber-

ley."— H. L. Feltham.

K. Transvaal. — Potchefstroom {W. Movant and T. Ayres). Pretoria
{T. Ayres). Limpopo River {F. C. Seloiis). Lydenburg Dis-
trict (T. Ayres).

L. Bechuanaland. — Chue Spring (the late W. J. Burchell). Motito
(the late Rev. J. Fredoux).

IL Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell).

hi. Eastern Interior. — Makloutse and Tati Rivers [F. C. Selonti).
jNIatabeleland (//. Barber).

266. (2.) Teracolus Eris, King.

^ Poiitia Eris, King, Symb. Phys., t. vi. fT. 15, 16 (1829).
(J $ Pieris Eris, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 514, n. 11 1 (1836).
$ $ Anthocharis Eris, Reiche, Ferr. et Gal. Yoy. Abyss., iii. pi. 460, p. 31,
ff. 1-3 (1849)-

} K. Vet.-Akad. Fbrh., 1875, p. 91.

94 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

S ? Anthocharis Eris, Trimen, Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 59, n. 39 (1S62).
(J 5 ,, ,, Hopff., Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 356 (1862).

? Teracolas Abi/ssiuicus, Eutl., Ann. and INIag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii.

p. 486 (1876).
^ ? Idmais Eris and /. Maimiina, Kirby, Proc. R. Dubl. Soc, 18S0, pp.

46, 47.
S Idmais Eris, Stand., Exot. Sohmett., i. pi. 23 (18S4).

Ejyp. al., ($) I in. i i liu. — 2 in. i liu. ; $ i in. i i lin. — 2 in.
I lin.

^ White, with dull yellowish-ochrcous more or less violet-glossed
apical pctteh. Fore-wing : costa dusted with blackish ; in some s^Deci-
mens a small black s^Dot at extremity of discoidal cell ; ochreous at
apex divided into five elongate marks by the brown-clouded nervules,
externally bordered by a brown violet-glossed edging, internally by a
black stripe ; the latter stripe becomes merged on third median ner-
vule with a glossy, deep Hack, inner-marginal land, widening from
base, and becoming very broad and tending upward beyond first median
nervule, but extending very close or cpidte to anal angle and lower portion
of hind-margin. Hind-iving : a duller black band, of considerable width,
covering basal fourth or third of discoidal cell, and bounded inferiorly
by second subcostal nervule, extends along near costa, ending suddenly,
with a concave excavation, just before apex ; in some specimens small
black spots along hind-margin at ends of nervules, as far as second or
first median nervule ; blackish clouding from base extending a little
between median and submedian nervures. Under side. — Whitish, or
yelloivish-iohite. Fore-wing : apex faintly tinted with yelloio, — both it and
inner-marginal band being indicated by a faint greyish tinge ; between
first and third median nervules, not far from hind-margin, are two
rounded blackish spots (in some specimens a third smaller spot below
them, immediately beneath first median nervule). Hind-wing : slightly
more yellowish than fore-wing ; spots on costa edged with chrome-yellow
near base.

$ Not as white, often more or less tinged with yellow, rarely pcde
lemon-yelloio. Fore-wing : apical patch less distinct, narrower, macular,
usually ivhitish, luitliout violaceous gloss, sometimes tinged with ochre-
yellow, its outer margin rusty-brownish, its inner border blackish ; the
latter stripe continued by two blackish spots to first median nervule,
where the lowermost of -the two spots almost touches extremity of
inner-marginal band, which is much narrower, duller, and shorter than
in ^, leaving anal angular area wholly white ; disco-cellular spot larger,
rounder. Hind-iving : beyond middle, traces of a hlacJdsh, macular,
angulated strip)e,, only distinct at commencement on costa beyond middle ;
base rather widely dusted with fuscous. Under side. — Fore-wing:
tinged with pale lemon-yellow ; apex pale yellow-ochreous, bordered
inwardly as on u^^j^cr side, but very faintly ; below last blackish spot
and first median nervule, a faint blackish mark defines extremity
of inner-marginal band. Hind-wing : pale yellow-ochreous, a small

rn:i:iN/i:. 95

browuish disco-cellular spot ; a dark mark ou costa, beyond middle,
commences an indistinct, transverse, angnlated row of brownish spots.

Variety A. ($ and ?).— ^ not differing on upper side ; ? with
the black markings usually more or less reduced, and with the apical
patch of the fore-wing outwardly much suffused with dull-rusty
brownish. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical area of forc-iuinr/, in
loth sexes, 2xdc dull creamy-reddish.

(^Hah.—E2i^tex\\ Districts of Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and
Eastern Sonth-Tropical Interior.) ^

Examples intermediate between the variety and typical Eris occur,
more particularly in the $, in which the under side presents some paler
or more decided tinge of reddish. The most pronounced of these are
three unusually small specimens, two ^s and a $, brought from Damara-
land by the late Mr. C. J. Andersson {exi^. cd. $ i in. 7^ lin. and
81 lin." respectively ; $ i in. 9^ lin.), but rather larger examples taken
by JNIr. A. W. Eriksson in the Korth-West Transvaal are almost as
decidedly tinged, and so are two ^ s from the Albany district of the
Cape Colony, and one from the Trans-Kei territory. Three $ s cap-
tured by Mr. John L. Fry on the Makloutse River, North Bamang-
wato country, ou the 20th May i 887, are all differently tinted beneath,
one being slightly yellowish, another slightly tinged with reddish-
brown, and the third dull brownish-creamy. The last mentioned has
much the darkest under-side that I have seen in this species.

As will be seen from the above description, Eris is a decidedly
variable species in both sexes, but especially in the $. The Dongolau
type, as figured by King," is a <^ having the black longitudinal bands
broader than in any South- African examples that I have seen ; the
band of the fore-wings leaving no trace of the white spot close to
hind-margin between second and third median nervules, and that of
the hind- wings at its extremity projecting downward very considerably
beyond second subcostal nervule. The fore-wing band in South- African
specimens usually leaves, besides the white spot just mentioned ^ (which
is, however, very small in some Transvaal examples and a Delagoa
Bay specimen, and is only just perceptible in one from Natal), two
more or less apparent white marks on the hind-margin between the
spot in question and the posterior angle ; but these vary to a mere

1 A 9 of the variety from Grahamstowii is labelled in the British Museum collection
(September iS86) " T. Johnstoni, Butler ;" but I am not aware that any description of it
has been published.

" Reiche (oj). cit.) figures an Abyssinian i very like King's, but with the apical patch of
the fore-wings darker and of a redder tinge, and a ? rather yellowish on the upper side
and inclining to argillaceous on the under side.

^ After examining the Angolan specimens of Mr. Kirby's Maimuna in the British
Museum, and carefully considering his description {loc. cit.), I am unable to regard his new
species as a recognisable one. The 6 in the British Museum has the white spot in the
hind-marginal border of the fore-wings well marked, and, like the ? , agrees with the
majority of South-African examples. The same remark applies to a (J and ? in the same
collection from Victoria Nyanza, referred to Maimuna by Mr. A. G. Butler {Ann. and
Mwj. Nat. /list., xii. p. loi, 1SS3).

96 SOUTH-AFKICAX BUTTERFLIES.

trace, and in one Delagoan and two Natalian specimens are totally
wanting. The hind-wing band is almost always bounded inferiorly by
the second subcostal nervule to its termination, but the terminal por-
tion in one Transvaal specimen projects very slightly, and in a Natalian
individual considerably below the nervule. The under side of King's
figure is white (as in a good many South-African examples), but the
dark bands of the upper side are dej^icted as showing more plainly
through the wings than in any specimens which have come under my
notice.

As regards the nervular hind-marginal sj^ots on the upper side of
the hind-wings, which are distinct but linear in King's figure, I find
that, while it is unusual for them to occur in South- African specimens,
they are found in those examples which more nearly approach King's t}q3e
(in one Delagoa Bay specimen they are rather large and conspicuous).
On the other hand, the terminal disco-cellular spot of the fore-wings
(which is wanting in King's typo and in the more heavily-banded
South-African examples) is most developed in specimens which bear
the largest hind-marginal white markings on the black band.

The ^, besides varying in ground-colour,^ exhibits great diversity
in the development of the black band and of the apical hind-marginal
border of the fore-wings, and in the colouring and pattern of the apical
patch. In one from Natal, the inner-marginal band is scarcely nar-
rower (except for a very large white spot at the posterior angle) than
in the more lightly marked $ s ; while the opposite extreme is met
with in an example I captured near Grahamstown, where the band is
exceedingly narrow, and the usual black connection with the apical
patch is only represented by two quite separate very small blackish
spots." In this example the apical patch is externally broadly tinted
with pale dull ferruginous, and the pale enclosed spots are almost
obsolete, and it thus on the upper side approaches the $ of Variety A.,
above described. Eeiche's figure of an Abyssinian $ depicts the under
side as inclining to argillaceous.

In the British Museum collection I noted (October 1886) a
remarkably large $ labelled T. opalesccns, Butler, and ticketed " Dela-
goa Bay." This example is white, with the inner-marginal black of
the fore-wings well developed, and the hind-marginal border rather
broader than usual, — the white spots in the latter (with the exception
of the two largest) being almost obsolete ; in the hind-wings both the

^ The pale lemon-yellow coloured ? seems to be rare (its occurrence was noted by
Boisduval in 1836). I have seen only three specimens, respectively from Kaffraria Proper,
Natal, and Angola, and a coloured photograph of a fourth example which was taken by the
late Mr. E. C. Buxton either in Natal or Swaziland. The Natal specimen, taken by M?-.
J. M. Hutchinson in Weenen County, belongs to Var. A., having the underside reddish
very pronounced.

- Felder's Idmais Fatma, from Kordofan (Heise d\i Xovara, Lep., ii. p. 1 89, t. xxv. f. 3,
1865), which I have not seen, may perhaps be an unusually small and faintly marked 9
of this kind ; the description and figure show that the inner-marginal baud is wholly
wantin?

PIERIN.E. 97

cliscal and liind-margiual fuscous spots are well developed. Tbo
under side of tliis $ is pale-yellowish, with the usual spots pronounced.
Nothing but its large size seemed to warrant its separation from the
variable series of Eris $.

The $ of this species presents a very striking and peculiar appear-
ance, owing to the intense highly-glossy black (and great width exte-
riorly) of the inner-marginal band of the fore-wings, and also to the
unusual colouring of the apical patch, which combines to a considerable
extent the characters of the same marking in T. Subfasciatus and T.
lone, Godt. The $ also has an aspect unlike that of the same sex of
any of its congeners, but shows some approach both to lone and to
the desert group of which T. Fauda, Oliv., may be regarded as the
type.

I know of no part of Soutli Africa Avhere this widftly-rangiiig African
species is at all numerous. I saw a few examples in the '• Thorn " country
near Greytown, in Natal ; they were $ s, and flew with great rapidity. This
was in March 1867, and the only other opportunity I had of seeing the butter-
fly in life was in January and February 1870, in the Albany district of the
Cape Colony, where I captured one of each sex. Mr. W. Morant sent me
some specimens from near Potchefstrooni, with the note that they were taken
on 25th February about a stony kopje, and flew very strongly. Mr. D'Urban
found the species near King William's Town in March and April.

Like T. Subfasciatus, this butterfly seems to be more numerous in the
Tropical parts of Africa, but it has also an immensely wider distribution
northwards, having been recorded even from Cairo. There were fifteen speci-
mens in the small collection made in Damaraland by Mr. J. A. Bell. As
Gerstacker remarks, the range of this species and of H. Eriplda appears to be
about the same, but I do not know of the occurrence of the latter to the north
of Dongola.

Localities of Teracolus Eris.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Grahamstown and Zwaartwater Klouf. Albany
District (Sub-typ. and A^xr. A.). Tharfield, Bathurst District
{Miss M. L. Bowker — Sub-typ.). Uitenhage (*S'. D. Bairstow—
Y&v. A.). Bedford (/. P. Hansel TFmZe— Var. A.). Seymour,
Stockenstrom District ( TF. G. >S'c«%— Sub-typ. ). King William's
Town (TF. S. M. U Urban— ^\\h-iy\>. and Var. A.). Wind-
vogelberg. Queenstown District {Mrs. Barber).

c. Griqualand West. — Vaal River (/. //. i>'o;f/r/-— Sub-typ.).

D. Kaffraria Proper.— ]iasliee River (/. H. BoirJier—Ty\\).

E. Natal.

b. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Weenen County {J. M. H^dchin-

50?i— Typ. and Yar. A.). Between Tugela and JMooi Rivei-s

{J. H. Boivher).
G. " Swaziland."— E. C. Buxton.

H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monleiro).
K. Transvaal.— Potchefstroom (TF. Morant and T. Ayres), Marico

and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Seloiis and A. TF. Eriksson — Typ.

and Yar. A.). Origstadt Yalley, Lvdenburg District {T. Ayres

—Yar. A.).
VOL. III. G

58 SOUTII-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {./. A. Bell and the late C. J. Anders-
son — Typ. and Sub-Typ.). Angola: Ambriz {J. J. Monteiro).
—Coll. Brit. Mus.

h. Eastern Coast.— Zambesi River {R<v. H. Roivley). " Quer-
imba." — Hopflfer. Mombasa : " Lake Jipe {Kersten)." — Ger-
stacker.

bi. Eastern Interior. — "TatiandRamaqueban Rivers (Oates)." — West-
wood. Bamangwato and Matabeleland (H. Barber). Mak-
loutse River (/. L. Fry — Sub-typ. and Var. A.). " Lake
Nyassa." — Kirby, Cat. Hewits. Coll. Victoria Nyanza {Rev. J.
Hannington). — Coll. Brit. Mus.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — " Senegal." — Boisduval.

hi. Eastern Interior. — " Abyssinia." — Reiche and Hopffer. Soudan :

" Atbara River."— Butler. Dongola : " Ambukohl."— King.

" JSTubia." — Boisduval.

C. Extra-Tropical North Africa.—" Cairo— (/. K. Lon?)."— Walker.
IV. Asia. — " Arabia." — Boisduval.

267. (3.) Teracolus Agoye, Wallengren.

^ Anthopsyche Agoye, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep.

Rhop. Caffr., p. 15, n. 11.
^ Anthocharis Eoqiliorus, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 523,

n. 3 (1863).
$ $ Anthocharis Agoye, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 325, n. 219

(1866).

Exp. al., ($) I in. 7-8 lin. ; (?) i in. 9 lin.

$ White, with ncnration {except near hascs) Jincly marhcd with black ;
apical 2Jatch of fore-wing small, pale-ochrcy orange- yellow, eeJged inwardly
ivith rather diffused hlaclc. Fore-wing : irregularly sprinkled with black
scales, most thickly over basal half and along costal border ; no ter-
minal disco-cellular spot ; apical patch extending to edges of wing,
exteriorly very faintly tinged with brownish, interiorly bordered by a
diffused black stripe, which is more or less obsolete a little below its
middle part, but extends to hind -marginal termination of second
median nervule. Hind-ioing : basal half and costal border to apex
rather thinly sprinkled with black scales. Under side. — TVliite ;
hind-%oing and apex of forc-tving more glossy, very faintly tinged with
yellowish; no spots or markings. Fore-iving : apical patch very faintly
showing through from upper side. Hind-iving : costa narrowly edged
with orange-yellow from base to beyond middle.

^ Less p)urely wldte ; neuration not Hack, except rather faintly near
extremity of some of fore-wing ncrindes. For c- wing : dull orange-yellow
of apical patch much more restricted than in $, being outwardly
bounded very broadly with dull-brownish (which diminishes to a point

oil liincl-maro-in about or rather below first median nervule), and in-
wardly by a dull-brownisli bar, broader and shorter than the black
one in the ^, and ending on lower radial nei'vule ; a small fuscous
terminal disco-cellular spot ; blackish irroration limited to costa and
discoidal cell. Under side. — llind-u-iiKj, and hasi-costal and apical
Jdnd-marginal areas of forc-ioiiuj , very pcdc straiv-yelloiu ; in both wings
a fuscous terminal disco-cellular spot, larger in hind-wing.

In a ^ from the Lydenburg l^istrict of the Transvaal the under
side of the hind- wings and apex of fore-wings is tinted with pale
creamy-pinkish. A $ taken on the Limpopo by Mr. Selous exhibits
on the upper side of the hind-wings a very faint small fuscous mark
on the costa beyond the middle.

Among the drawings of some of Wallengren's types, kindly pro-
cured for me by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, was a careful figure of the ^
Agoye, thoroughly agreeing with the former's description (Joe. cit.).
The species is a very distinct one, easily recognised by the small size
and peculiar ochreous-orange tint of the apical patch, to which in the
$ are added the fine black neuration and irroration in both fore and
hind wings.

This is a rare butterfly in collections, and was for many years known
to me only by a series of seventeen specimens (only one $ ) brought from
Damaraland by Mr. J. A. Bell, and by two or tliree other examples from the
same country in the collection of the late Mr. C. J. Andersson. These examples
had been pressed flat in a book, and did not properly exhibit all the characters
of the species; but I have recently (in 1883 and 1885) received in good order
a few individuals of both sexes from the North- West Transvaal and farther
northward, from which the above description has been made.

I have no particulars as to the habits of Agoye, or as to its special stations.
In geographical range, though known to occur from Damaraland on the west
to the Lydenburg District on the east, it seems to be very restricted in lati-
tude, — its place south of the 26th parallel being apparently taken by the
nearly allied Boxokeri, milii.

Localities of Teracolus Agoye.

I. South Africa.

K, Transvaal. — Marico and Limpopo Kivers (F. C. Selous). Lyden-
burg District {T. Aijres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. Bell and the late /. O.

Andersson).
hi. Eastern Interior. — Bamangwato : Tauwani River {F. C. Selous).
Between Transvaal Border and Gubulcwayo {A. W. Erilcsson).

loo SOUTII-AFRTCAX BUTTEEFLTES.

268. (4.) Teracolus Bowkeri, Trimen.

($ Callosune Agoye, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 381.
$ ? Teracolus BowJieri, Trim., o^j. cit, 1883, p. 358.

Plate XI. fig. 4 ($)?

Exp. al., ($) I in. O-y^ lin. ; ($) i in. 7-7^ lin.
$ White, with ijellow-ochrcous apical patch in forc-iving. Forc-
loing : base and costa sparsely irroratecl with black ; apical patcli
internally irregularly bordered with black, which is broad in its
middle j^art (and sometimes also in its upper part), but attenuated
and usually ill-defined towards its extremities ; a narrow ray of clear
yellow-ochreous immediately beyond the black, but the rest of apical
patch tinged with greyish. Hincl-iving : base irrorated with black,
more widely and rather more closely than in fore-wing ; a longitudinal
ray of black irroration on costa beyond middle, its outer extremity
sometimes strongly marked ; subcostal nervules very rarely thinly
defined with black ; in some specimens a few black atoms scattered
about disc. Under side. — Hind-ioing and apical area of fore-wing
very faintly tinged with ycllowi&h. Hind-wing : costa very narrowly
edged with chrome-yellow from base to a little beyond middle ; a
general very fine and very sparse irroration of dusky atoms.

$ Fore-7'jing : apiccd patch fiiscous-hrownish, darker imvardly, tra-
versed mesicdly hy a dull yellow-ochreous ray, which is sometimes
suffused and ill-defined ; base more widely irrorated than in male.
Hind-vjing : beyond middle, from costa, a transverse row of three ill-
defined dull-fuscous spots, the first of which represents the termina-
tion of the black costal irroration in the male. Under side. — Yelloivish
colotiring much more decided than in male. Hind-uiing : fine dusky
irroration closer than in male.

Variety A. — {$ and $). Considerably smaller : cxp. al. (3 ^ s)
I in. 3-5 lin.; (2 $ s) i in. 2^-41 lin.

^ Costal and basal irroration wanting in fore-wing and all but
absent in hind-wing ; inner black edging of apical patch of fore-wing
narrower. Under side. — Tinge of yellow more decided.

^ Basal irroration wanting, as well as faint fuscous spots of hind-
wing ; apical patch of fore-wing redder, its dusky-brown borders much
reduced ; the external one almost obsolete. Under side. — Yellowish
deeper, in one specimen tinged with creamy-pinkish.

(^Hcd). — Namaqualand District, Cape Colony.)

This near ally of T. Agoye, Wallengr., is, in the ^, distinguishable

1 This figure is no credit to ehromo-lithography, and gives a very incorrect idea of the
species. The apical patch is much too dull and dusky in tint, and the ground-colour
generally, instead of being pure white, as in nature, is represented with various yellow
and greenish shades. On the under side, also, the apical shade is much too dusky, and the
hind-wing too much stained with yellowish. I write while comparing with the figure the
actual specimen from which it was drawn.

PIERIN^. 1 01

by its larger, paler, less warmly-tinted apical patch ; total, or almost
total, absence of black nei-ynles in both wings ; want of copious black
irroration in fore-wing, and presence of strongly-marked irroration
stripe on costa of hind-wing : the under side is somewhat more
yellowish.^ The $ has a much larger apical patch, owing to the
breadth and extension inferiorly of the fuscous-brown on its inner
border ; but wants the disco-cellular terminal spot presented by Agoye
$ in both wings : the under side is duller in tint, and wants both the
disco-cellular spots and the tinge of pale yellow at the base of the
fore-wing.

As above noted, I referred the first example seen of this form to Agoye,
Wallengr., but the subsequent receipt of individuals of both sexes has shown
me that it is quite distinct. Colonel Bowker, after whom I have named the
butterfly, captured the first specimen in Basutoland. In 187 1 he sent a second
$ from Hope Town, on the Orange River, and, later in the same year, a <^ and
four 9 s from the A^aal River. On the 6th September 1872 I took a single (J
at Kolberg, in Griqualand West, on the flowers of a fine species of Cineraria
growing on a rocky hill. This example flew rather slowly.^ Mrs. Barber also
forwarded, in 1879, a (^ from the Vaal River. Mr. L. P^ringuey, who dis-
covered the Variety A. above noted, informs me that he met with it only at Spec-
takel ; the specimens taken were flying not rapidly about a rocky " kopje" of
some elevation, in company with some other congeners, on the nth November

1855-

Localities of Tcracolus Boivlceri.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Spectakel, Namaqualand District (L. Perin-

guey).

b. Eastern Districts. — Hope Town (/. H. Boiulcer).

c. Griqualand West. — Kolberg. Kimberley (//. L. L. Feltham).

Klipdrift, Vaal River {J. H. Boivher and M. E. Barher).

d. Basutoland. — Koro-Koro (/. //. Boivker).

269. (5.) Teracolus lone, (Godart).

$ Fieris lone, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 140, n. 74 (1819).

$ „ „ Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 515, n. 112 (1836).

^ 9 Anthocharis lone, Reiche, Ferr. and Gal, Voy. Abyss., iii. pi. 30,

If. I, 2[c?], 5, 6[$], 7 [? var.](i849).
$ $ Anthocharis lone, Hoptt", Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., pi. xxi.

if. I, 2[c?], 3, 4[?]>5, 6 [? var.](i862).

^ The example taken by me in Griqualand West has a slight tinge of creamy-pinkish
on the under side.

- Mr. H. L. Langley Feltham, from whom I have lately received a 9 with unusually
dark and well-developed apical marking (taken at Kimberley on 20th November 1887),
informs me that this butterfly has in his experience occurred but very sparingly in and about
Kimberley. He gives the following dates, viz. : 1884 — May 4th, ? ; December 14th, $ ;
1885— February 7th, 6 ; April 15th, 6 ; 1886— July loth, 6 ; 1887— April loth and 22d, 6 ;
lith, ? ; November, 4th, i ; 20th, ? .

102 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

(J Euchloe Jalone, Butl., Cist. Ent., i. p. 14, n, i (1869).
$ IWacolus imperatoi', Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 132, n. 20.
(J Callosune lone, "VVestw., App. Gates' Matabeleland, &c., pi. 338 (1881).
(^ $ Callosu7ie Jalone, Staud., Exot. Schinett., i. pi. 23 (1884).

Exp. al, Q) 2 in. 2l-4^ liu. ; ($) 2 in. 2I-5 lin.

$ White, with (jlittcring-vioUt cqncal patcJi edged on loth sides ivitli
blackish. Fore-wing : base rather widely and closely sprinkled with
blackish scales, especially along and near inner margin ; costa also
similarly sprinkled but becoming black-edged before middle ; apical
violet forming a moderately wide band, lessening in width towards its
extremities (especially inferiorly), from second subcostal to between
third and second median nervules, and divided by slender black crossing
nervules into five unequal parts (besides a minute sixth part between
third and fourth subcostal nervules) ; inner black edge of violet mode-
rately broad, complete throughout, but rather diffused inwardly, extend-
ing from costa a little beyond middle to a point at extremity of first
median nervule on hind-margin ; outer edge broader, especially at
apex, and (except on nervules) strongly clouded with pale grey, the
dark indentations of the violet on nervules very slight ; a small, thin,
elongate, slightly curved terminal disco-cellular black spot ; ueuration
only black beyond middle, except submedian nervure, which is heavily
marked in black from considerably before middle. Hirid-iving : neura-
tion conspicuously black-marked throughout ; in some specimens the
black is barely or slightly thickened at extremity of nervules, but in
most it is developed into a conspicuous series of hind-marginal spots
with diffiised edges ; fold between median nervure and its first nervule
and submedian nervure marked with a distinct black line, and some
blackish irroration over the same inter-nervular space and lower basal
part of discoidal cell. Under side. — IVhite throughout, or ivith a very
slight tinge of pale yelloivish or p)ale pinhish-creamy over hind-iDing and
apical area of fore-wing. Fore-wing : disco-cellular spot distinct ; a
veiy faint indication of the position of the violet patch of upper side.
Hind-wing : costa edged narrowly with orange-yellow for a little dis-
tance from base (rarely as far as middle or a little beyond it) ; a termi-
nal disco-cellular black spot, smaller than that in fore-wing ; beyond
middle a blackish mark on costa is the first and usually the most dis-
tinct trace remaining of a discal macular ray, normally angulated on
third median nervule, — but its course seldom continuously marked even
so far, and beyond that point never indicated except by two widely
separated, small, often indistinct spots.

$ IFhitc {rarely more or less yelloiv) ; apieal patch of fore-wing much
broader than in $, orange-red, spotted and broadly bordered with black.
Fore-wing : basal clouding much denser, darker, and superiorly much
broader than in ^ ; disco-cellular spot much larger and rounder ;
between first median nervule and submedian nervure a large quadrate
discal black spot, sometimes enlarged aud confluent inwardly with

riEKINiE. 103

blackish clouding of basal area ; orange-red of apical patcli consider-
ably wider than violet in ^, sometimes more or less stained with
crimson in parts, divided into five less distinctly, and traversed mesially
by a series of five black spots, — the lowest of which is united with
inner black border of patch between second and third median nervules ;
inner black border of patch broad, rather diffused, irregularly excavated
between nervules ; outer border broad, even, only slightly greyish-tinged
outwardly, continued to posterior angle. Hind-rving : basal clouding
variable in density and extent, but usually darker and more developed
than in $ ; rather beyond middle on costa a more or less pronounced
black mark (sometimes broad and enlarged inwardly) commences a
very imperfect and short narrow discal ray ; nervular black terminal
spots enlarged and confluent into a broad continuous hind-marginal
border, emitting acute nervular dentations inwardly. Under side. —
Hind-iviiuj and aincal area of fore-wing very pcde grcyish-yelloiv, faintly
stippled ivith grey scales and short lineola;. Fore-iving : basal clouding
much fainter, mixed with white ; apical orange-red very faintly repre-
sented, but the spots traversing it distinct, more or less sagittiform,
the series having an additional (sixth) spot between second and first
median nervules, and its two uppermost spots ferruginous ; large lower
discal spot considerably smaller than on upper side, and divided longi-
tudinally by white fold ; two or three small inter-nervular hind-marginal
fuscous spots at and near posterior angle. Hind-wing : disco-cellular
spot indistinct ; discal macular ray ferruginous, well-marked as far as
third median nervule, and sometimes (with three widely separated spots)
beyond it ; hind-marginal border faintly indicated, by a greyer shade.

Second (JJimorphic) Form of $. — Like $ just described, except in
apical patch of fore-wing, which is considerably narrower, and Mack,
traversed mesially by a scries of five rounded wJiite spots, of which the
first is much the smallest, and the fifth much smaller than the inter-
mediate three.

Variety A. — {$) Exp. al., 2 in. 3-4 lin.

Basal irroration much more restricted in both wings. Fore-wing :
apical violet considerably narroiver, its uppermost division much re-
duced, and its lowest (between third and second median nervules)
either a mere trace or obsolete. Under side. — Black ncuration almost
as ivell developed as on up)])er side, but finer, — in hind-wing (and to a
much less extent in fore-wing) thickened to form small spots along
hind-margin. Hind-iving : transverse discal ray well marked, blackish.

(^rtZ>.— D'Urban County, Natal.)

It is not practicable to determine with certainty the exact form of
$ upon which Godart {lac. cit.) founded his Pieris lone, his description
being too brief, and no locality being given ; but as he describes the
under side as white, and as it is improbable that he should have had
before him in the year i 8 1 8 any of the more locally restricted southern
forms, I consider it judicious to regard as the tyi'-ical lone the form I

I04 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

have above described, which has a very wide Tropical-African range,
extending northward to the White Nile on the east and to Senegal on
the west.

I have examined the types of Jalonc and Imjjcrator, But!., in the
British Muse^^m, with the result that I do not consider them separable
as species, or even as marked varieties from lone. The former is a
$ from the White Nile, with pinkish-tinged under side, and with the
neuration and other black markings of the upper side (especially the
macular terminations of the hind-w4ng nervules) less strongly marked
than in Reiche's figures (o/;. cit.) of the Abyssinian ^. Imjjerator, on
the other hand, is a ^ from Senegal, rather more strongly marked
than Reiche's $, particularly as regards the dusky discal ray of the
under side of the hind- wings ; and with it are associated (September
1886) — I think rightly — two ^ s and two deeply yellow-tinged ^s
from Mamboio in Eastern Africa, and a very slightly yellow-tinged $
from Madagascar. These two continental ^ s have a very brilliant
appearance from their sulphur-yellow ground-colour and crimson-
glossed red apical patch, and have the black markings strongly
developed, while the Malagasy $ more resembles the ordinary pattern
of lone with orange-red apex.

Hopffer's $ lone (Jig. op. cit.) agrees moi'e closely with Butler's
Imperator than with Jalone, but has the dusky discal ray of the hind-
wings only feebly represented by four faint brownish marks. Reiche's
Abyssinian ^ and Hopffer's Mozambique $ agree very nearly, the main
difference being that the discal ray just mentioned is better marked in
the former. In four Transvaal $ s the ray in question is even more
obsolescent than in Hopffer's figure. As regards the $, Reiche's and
Hopffer's figures agree in the feeble development (in both forms of the
sex) of the dusky clouding over the basal areas ; but on the under side
Reiche's figures exhibit a deeper and warmer colouring, the ^ with red
apex being pale creamy-ochreous, and that with black apex yellow,
and both having the macular discal rays broad and diffused. In these
features of the under side Reiche's figures appi-oach the Natalian
Speciosns, Wallengr.

The $ s (red-tipped) that I have seen from the Transvaal and
Delagoa Bay, while heavily clouded on the upper side, have the mider
side even paler and with fainter markings than Hopffer's figures. The
^ accompanying the Delagoan ^ is, like Butler's Jalone, pinkish-tinted
on the under side.

The Variety' K. of lone above described is only known to me by a
few $ examples from Natal, viz., one in the Hewitson collection (in
1867), another taken by the late Mr. M'Ken in 1869, and three
captured by Colonel Bowker in December 1884. Their slightly
smaller size and more restricted apical violet apjjroximate them to
the ^ Spcciosus inhabiting the same district ; but the black neuration
of the almost pure -white under side shows some resemblance to Phlcgyas,

viepjx.t:. 105

Butl. I have not seen any $ that appears certainly referable to this
variety, but one or two of the $ s referred to Sjnxiosus exhibit some
traces of similar black neuration towards the hind-margin of both fore
and hind wings on the under side.

Localities of Teracolus lone.
I. South Africa.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'Urbau (tlie late M. J. M'Kcn—\i\x. A.).

Pinetown {Colonel J. II. Bowker — Var. A.).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Loureugo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. G. Seloiis). Lyden-

burg {A. F. Ortlejqt). Lydenburg District {T. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast, — Zambesi River {Rev. II. liowleij). " Tette." —

Hopli'er. " Querimba." — Hopffer. " Bagamoyo and Zanzibar
{Rafray)." — Obertbiir. Zanzibar. — Coll. Hewitson. Mamboio.
—Coll. Brit. Mus.

61. Eastern Interior.— " Tati {Gales)."— ^VesUvood.

bb. Eastern Islands.— Madagascar.— Coll. Brit. Mus.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast.— Senegal (the late E. C. Buxton). — Coll. Brit.

Mus.
61. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Shoa {Antinori)." — Oberthlir.

White Nile {Druce).—Co\\. Brit. ]\Ius.

270. (6.) Teracolus Speciosus, (Wallengren).

^ ? Anthocharis lone, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 587

(1847).
$ Anthocharis Erone, Angas, Ivafirs. Illustr., pi. xxx. f. 3 (1849).
$ AntlioiJsyche Speeiosa, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857;

Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 16, n. 14.
^ 9 Anthocharis lune, Trim.. Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 43, n. 26 (1862).
Teracolus lone, Butl. [part.], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 132.

Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 2-4 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 2-4 lin.

$ White, ivith lustrous-violet apical marking hroadly hordered with
Hack. Fore-iving : the nervures defined with black to same extent as
in lone, Godt. ; base and costa greyish ; a black terminal disco-cellular
dot ; violet band at apex narrow, divided into four by the nervules
(the uppermost division much smaller than the rest, or sometimes
obsolete), margined both outwardly and inwardly with a broad black
band, the outer band narrowing to a thin streak at posterior angle.
Hind-ioing : base greyish ; nerwires all black, with moderately large
diffused black spots on their hind-marginal extremities. Under side.
— Fore-ioing : costa narrowly yellowdsh ; apical yatch varying from
pale straiv-yellow to pale chrome-yelloiv ; disco-cellular spot larger than
on upper side. Hind-iaing : same tint as apical patch of fore-iving ;
nervures not black ; a distinct spot at extremity of discoidal cell ;

io6 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

costa from base to a little before middle edged with orange-yellow ;
an elongate blackish spot on costa a little beyond middle ; spots at
extremities of nervules indistinct or almost obsolete, but nervules
themselves black or blackish close to hind-margin.

$ White of a more ydloivish tint than in ^ ; the apical patch hright-
orange. Fore-wing : disco-cellular spot larger and rounder than in
$ ; orange apical band divided lengthwise by a row of four rather
large wedge-shaped black spots, the black bands bordering it broader
than in $, and extending to posterior angle ; a large subquadrate
blackish spot on disc, immediately above submedian nervure ; basal
clouding much darker and more extended than in $, usually filling
basal half of cell, and extending rather wddely along inner margin as
far or nearly as far as black quadrate spot. Hincl-ioing : on costa
beyond middle a blackish streak commences, narrowing and gradually
disappearing towards centre of wing ; hind-margin broadly black,
emitting deep acute dentations on nervules. Under side. — More deeply
tinted tha7i in $, hind-tving and cqncal patch of fore-wing externally
didl lemon-yellow. Fore-ioing : inner portion of apical patch tinged
with ochrey-orange and traversed (as on upper side) by a series of
black spots ; disco-cellular and inner- marginal spots as on upper side.
Hind-ioing : a narrow black spot, immediately surmounted by a white
one at extremity of cell ; transverse blackish stripe from costa beyond
middle strongly marked as far as third median nervule, and beyond
its extremity a blackish spot below that nervule ; a second blackish
spot below first median nervule.

Second (Diniorjjhic') Form of $. — Orange at apex of fore-iving ivholly
wanting, but to some extent replaced by three or four rather small,
rounded, separate whitish spots ; black markings generally broader
and somewhat diffused on their edges.

This form is in the male sex readily separable from its near allies
by the great development and intensity of the apical black of the fore-
wings, which forms a broad inner margin to the violet band, much
reducing the width and more or less the length of the latter. The
outer black margin of the violet also wholly wants (or has only very faint
traces of) the pale-grey clouding conspicuous in lone. The decidedly
yellow colouring of the under side is further a very characteristic feature,
and is pronounced in both sexes. The two forms of $ present on the
upper side no salient points of distinction from those of lone (varying
in the dusky clouding of basal areas, and to a less extent in yellowish
tinting, much in the same way), but in the red-tipped $ the black
spots traversing the red seem to be invariably much larger and nearer
to its inner edge, while the red itself occupies a smaller space, scarcely
extending below third median nervule. In several $ s (of both forms)
the angulated blackish discal ray of the under side of the hind-wings
is completed by a variably-developed spot between second and first
median nervules.

PIERIN.E. 107

Sjyeciostis is a remarkably local form, being apparently restricted to the
coast belt of Natal, and, as far as I am aware, not having hitherto been recorded
out of D'Urban County. Within tliesc narrow limits it is very numerous, and
I met with it in abundance about D'Urban at the end of January, all through
February, and again at the end of March and beginning of April 1867. Colonel
Bowker has taken it freely in December also. The red-tipped form of $ is
much less frequently met with than the other. I fell in with three specimens
only during my visit, and Colonel Bowker has also noted its scarcity as coni-
parctl with the black-and-white-tipped $ .

The lovely (^ is a very active and even rapid flyer, but the ? is much
slower in her movements. Both sexes are fond of flowers, and 1 captured the
finest specimens I obtained on those of Viiica rosea and of Lantana in the
Botanic Gardens on the Berea Hill On the ist February I observed and
netted a S ^^"^ ^ red-tipped ? playing together close to the ground. ^ I did
not meet with the species anywhere away from the neighbourhood of D'Urban.

Localities of Teracolus speciosiis.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban. Pinetown (/. IL Boioker). "Lower
Umkomazi." — J. H. Buwkcr,

27L (7.) Teracolus Jobina, Butler.

$ $ Euchloe Johina, But!., Cist. Ent., i. p. 14, n. 2 (1869).

$ ? Teracolus Jobina, Butl, Lep. Exot., p. 116, pL xliii. f. 3 [ c^ ] (1872).

$ $ Yar. Callosune Jobina, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 23 (1884).

-£'^7^ al, {$) I in. lol lin. — 2 in. i lin. ; (?) i in. i i liu.— 2 in.
ijlin.

Closely allied to Spcciosus, Wallengr.

^ IVliite, with shining-violet apical patch of forc-ioiiig comparatively
larger than in Spcciosus, and less loidcly Hack-edged on loth sides. Fore-
wing : apical violet shaped much as in Speciosus, and divided similarly, but
wider, and with a minute fifth portion between third and fourth subcostal
nervules almost always present ;^ basal grey irroration very limited ; on
costa sometimes a creamy-reddish tinge from base for a little distance ;
terminal disco-cellular spot very faint or obsolete altogether. Hind-iving :
usually subcostal nervules only black-marked (and those often only to-
wards their termination) ; rarely the other nervules are black near hind-
margin, and with an inclination to a spot at the extremity. Cilia in
fore-wing creamy-reddish, except a white portion near posterior angle ;
in hind-wing more or less white in apical half, but the rest creamy-
reddish. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical patch of fore-wing pale
reddish-creamy ivith a tinge of pink, — the former generally hut sp)arscly
marked ivith short transverse grey striolm. Fore-wing : costa narrowly
edged with creamy-reddish; terminal disco-cellular spot small but dis-

^ This minute ivliiiodt linear bit uf violet id .soiuotiaiLS fuuud in Spcciosus.

io8 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

distinct. Hind-ioing : disco-cellular spot dusky, diffused ; discal ray
ouly represented by a short brownish streak from costa to second sub-
costal nervule ; orange costal edging almost obsolete.

$ White, somewhat yellotv-tinged generally or from bases only ; apical
patch of fore-wing bright orange-red, wider than in Speciostis, and emitting
rays along subcostal nervure and two radial nervules as far as extremity
of discoidal cell, the inner black border being very much narrowed and
obsolescent in its middle part. Fore-ioing : terminal disco-cellular spot
very small ; basal clouding narrow and faint ; discal spot very much re-
duced, diffused, or obsolescent ; cuneiform black spots transversing apical
red not so near its inner edge as in Spcciosus. Hind-iving : basal cloud-
ing very faint and restricted ; discal ray obsolescent except on costa ;
hind-marginal blackish border very much narrower and diffused, partly
or entirely broken into separate spots. Under side. — Hind-wing and
apical patch of fore-wing not pink-tinged, hut the former rendered darker
than in $ hy closer and stronger striolation, and the latter flushed with
reddish and traversed by the usual series of blackish spots. Hind-
wing : disco-cellular terminal spot small but distinct, immediately sur-
mounted by a rather conspicuous whitish spot ; discal ray dark-brownish
rather strongly marked as far as third median nervule.

Dimorphic Form of $. — Apical patch of fore-tving black, as in cor-
responding form of % Bpcciosns, hnt white spots of scries traversing it
comparatively larger and not so widely separated. Under side. — Duller
in tint ; discal ray of hind-wing with macular traces of its inferior
continuation.

In one $ of this form the discal spot of the fore-wings beyond
middle and the hind- marginal spots of the hind-wings are exceedingly
reduced, and in another those markings are so faint and minute as to
be scarcely perceptible.

The characters given serve very well to distinguish this small
violet-tipped Tcracolus from Speciosus, but it must be noted that examples
occur (I have before me four $ s and a $ of each form) which show
certain features intermediate between those of Jobina and Speciosus.
These $ s are a little larger than Jobina proper, and have the black
borders of the apical violet broader, and the cilia of the hind-wings
white throughout ; and both sexes have the under-side colouring much
yellower, with scantier striolation of the hind-wings. Two of these
$ s and the two $ s were taken by the late Mr. M. J. M'Ken at
D"Urban, Natal, late in April 1867.

Jobina seems to occur solely as a winter (or dry-season) butterfly. Apart
from the non-typical individuals just mentioned as captured in April (which
are, however, much nearer to true Jobina than to Speciosus), all the specimens
wliose dates of capture are known to me were taken in May, June, July, and
August. I never saw this small form during my summer visit, Avhich ended
on April 9th ; nor, on the other hand, am I aware of Speciosus' appearing on
the wing except in the summer or Avet season. It seems not impossible
that the two butterflies may turn out to be summer and winter broods of

pikuinj:. ioq

llie same species,^ but lliis could only bo proved by careful breeding from
the egg.

As far as my records go, Johina lias a wider range than Speciosus, Colonel
Bowker having met with it as far northward as the mouth of the Tngela River,
and (judging from photographs and ]\IS. sent to me), the late ]\Ir. E. C. Buxton
havinu' taken it in Swaziland.

Localities of Teracolns Johina.

South Africa.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (/. //. Bowlcer and the late M. J.

M'Ken). Pinetown and Northdene (J. //. Boiclier). Verulani

and Mouth of Tugela River (/. //. Bowker).
G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton.

272, (8.) Teracolus Phlegyas, Butler.

$ Anthocharis lone, Yar., Reiche, Ferr. et Gal., Voy. Abyss., pi. xxx. fF. 3,

4 (1849)-"
$ 9 Anthocharis Phlegyas, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S65, p. 431, pi.

XXV. fF. 3, 3a.

Yar. S ?) Teracolus Buxtoni, Butl., op. cit., 1876, p. 130, n. 17.

? Callosune Buxtoni, AYestw., App. Gates' j\Iatabeleland, \\ 340, pi. E,

ir. 7, 8 (1881).

Exp. ai, Q) 2 in. 0-2 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 3 lin.

^ White, ivith rather small lustrous-violet apical patch in fore-wing ,
not widely bordered toith fuscous externally, and very narroivly so bor-
dered internally. Fore-wing : no disco-cellular terminal spot ; apical
violet five-partite by dark nervules, its outer dusky border not extend-
ing below second median nervule. Hind-wiyig : neuration conspicuously
black, but no spots at ends of nervules. Under side. — White ; hind-
wing and apical area of fore-wing ivith black neuration. Hind-wing :
costa edged with orange-yellow from base to before middle ; discal ray
from costa very faint and ill-defined.

^ Apical patch orange-red extending to below second median nervule,
externally with a rather wide brownish border. Fore-vnng : a small
terminal disco-cellular spot ; base and costa tinged with yellowish ;
inner edge of apical red without blackish except close to costa, the
series of blackish spots traversing it rather small and ill-defined ; discal
spot near posterior angle indistinct. Hind-iving : hind -marginal ner-
vular spots of moderate size, diffused. Under side. — Hind-tuing and
apical area of fore-wing very pale creamy -reddish, the latter flushed ivith
pale orange-red inwarxlly. Fore-iving : terminal disco-cellular spot dis-
tinct ; traversing spots rather faint, ill-defined. Hind-wing: discal ray

^ This is the opinion of Mr. A. D. Millar, an observer of long residence at D'Urban.
The dated specimens of Johina which he has kindly sent to me are two 6 s captured on 22d
August, one S on 22d September, and two i s on 24th.

^ In fig. 4 the under side of the fore-wing is represented as closely dusted with fuscous,
but this is probably fmrn some defect in the engraving of the plate.

I TO SOUTH-AFETCAN BUTTERFLIES.

brown, macular, but complete, the spots between third median nervule
and submedian nervure being represented.

Variety A., $ and $ {Biixtoni, Butl.).

^ Apical patch of fore-wing rather larger, its outer border being
broader, and its inner one {though narroiv and diffused) more developed
and complete throughout. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot some-
times present though minute. Under side. — Withoitt black neuration ;
hitid-wing and apes of fore-wing with an extremely slight tinge of
yellowish or reddish, — the former rarely with some scattered brownish-
grey striolation, chiefly on margins; terminal disco-cellular spot small
but distinct in both wings.

$ Apical patch broader, brighter in tint, the orange radiating in-
wardly on nervides as far as extremity of discoidal cell, and outwardly
strongly suffusing its brownish border. Fore-iving : discal spot near pos-
terior angle sometimes wanting. Hind-wing : hind-marginal spots very
much reduced or obsolete. Under side. — Mind-wing and ap)ical area
of fore-wing finely striolatcd with reddish brown. Hiyid-wing : area
generally from base as far as discal ray (which is much diffused and
not macular), tinged with pale-brownish.

Three ^ s of this variety, respectively from Damaraland, the Trans-
vaal, and the Zambesi have the under side and the cilia of fore-wing
tinted with creamy-pinkish as in Jobina, Butler.

{Hab. — Damaraland, Tropical Interior South Africa, Transvaal,
Swaziland.)

Alter examining the types in the British Museum, I could not find
sufficient grounds for separating as species Buxtoni and Phlegyas. The
variety {in the ^) is nearer than Phlegyas proper to typical lone ; but,
on the other hand, the black under-side neuration of Phlegyas approxi-
mates it to the Natalian Variety A. of lone above described. The ^
of the variety nearly resembles the ^ Jobina, Butler, especially on the
under side, but presents a much more extended field of apical red on
the upper side. In size Phlegyas (including Buxtoni) is intermediate
between lone and Jobina.

The typical Phlegyas inhabits the Soudan (White Nile) and Abyssinia, and
the variety Buxtoni is known to inhabit the tropical belt from the Zambesi
southAvard, and on the eastern side to penetrate as far as the Transvaal and
Swaziland. I have not seen any but red-tipped $ s referable to this species.
Westwood's figures (op. cit.) are somewhat larger and more strongly marked
than any specimen I have seen, and indeed than, from his own description,
would appear to have been among Mr. Oates's examples. The late Mr. E. C.
Buxton sent me coloured photographs of Swaziland specimens of the butterfly.

Localities of Teracolus Phlegyas.

I. South Africa.

H. Swaziland (E. C. Buxton. — Var.).

K. Transvaal. — Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. SeIo2is. — Var.).
Lydenburg District (T. Ayres. — Var.).

PIERIN>E. 1 1 T

II. Other African Regions.

A. Soutli Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (//. Hutchinson and IF. C. Pal-
grave — Yar.).

hi. Eastern Interior. — Makloutse Kiver (/'"". C. Seluns — Yar.).
Zambesi Kiver: Ziunbo (7''. C. Seloits — Yar.).

B, Korth Tropical.

hi. Eastern Interior. — Sondan : " AVliite Xile {Peihericli)." — Butler.
" Abj'ssinia {Ferret and Galinier)." — lieiche.

273. (9.) Teracolus Regina, (Trimon).

^ $ Anthocharis Regina, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., i. p. 520,

n. I (1863).
9 Callosune Iteqina, AYestw., App. Gates' Matabcleland, p. 339, })1. e,

ir. 9, 10(1881).
Yar. A. ((J), Anfhopsi/che /a??e, \ValIcngr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Ilandl. ;

Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 15.

Plate XL fig. 3 ($).

Uxp. al., ($) 2 in. 4I-8 lin. ; ($) 2 in. 44-81 lin.

$ Pure ivhite, iviili very large and hrilliant hlue-shot violet-lake
ajncal 2mtch. Forc-iving : a linear black, terminal disco-cellular dot ;
costa usually very faintly grey-dusted nearly to middle, where blackish
edging of apical patch commences ; apical patch composed of six elon-
gate portions (defined by more or less strongly-marked black nervules),
and lying between second subcostal and second median nervules, very
narrowly and faintly edged with blackish internally, narrowly along
costa to apes, and rather more widely externally from apex to first
median nervule (slightly indenting the violet on each nervule) ; neura-
tion beyond and below discoidal cell (and submedian nervure from
a little before middle) black ; base very slightly dusted with faint
greyish. Hind-iving : usually spotless, occasionally with a hind-mar-
ginal series of small blackish nervular spots ; first and second sub-
costal and discoidal nervules and third median nervule black for some
distance from near their origins ; an obsolescent greyish basal irrora-
tion. Under side. — Wliite, with a faint tinge of yelloioish or pinkish
in hind-iving ; apical pio.tch of fore-wing pinkish- grey., u'ith a faint flush
of 2Jcde orange-yellow. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot distinct;
occasionally a series of four or five very faint fuscous spots traversing
apical patch. Kind-wing : costa edged from base to about middle
with more or less bright yellow ; a minute terminal disco-cellular
black dot, usually edged with yellow superiorly ; discal ray rarely
represented by a series of small widely-separated fuscous spots ; extre-
mities of nervules rarely marked with blackish.

$ White, vAthout black neuration ; apical patch of the same colour
as in $, hut ivith a less hrilliant hlue gloss, and traversed mesially hy a
macular hlack stripe (sometimes so diffused as almost to ohliterate inner

112 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

2)ortion of violet), — its hladnsh edgings hroader and darker. Fore-iving :
disco-cellular spot larger, ovate or round ; near posterior angle two
small blackish diffused spots, continuous of tlie series traversing violet
patch. Hind-iuing : blackish hind-marginal spots not so rare us in $.
Base of both wings (but especially that of fore-wing) with broader
and darker greyish irroration. Under side. — Ili7id tving and apex of
fore-wing dull cream g-ochreous {sometimes tinged with reddish), hatched
fainthj and minutely unth grey; disco-cellular spots well-developed,
that in hind-wing yellow with an inferior black dot ; transverse discal
series of fuscous spots usually well marked, that on hind-wing elbowed
at third median nervule, and continued thence to inner margin ; no
spots at extremities of nervules.

Variety A. {$ and $).

^ Blackish nervules and edgings of apical patch more strongly
marked, the latter broader ; bases more widely and closely irrorated
with greyish ; hind-marginal spots in hind-wing well marked, and
five nervules (first subcostal to second median) finely black throughout
their length. UNDER SIDE. — In both wings, nervules black close to
hind-mai'gin, and spots of discal series blackish, but usually very small.

$ Apical patch olscure-white tinged ^vith violet, the intersecting
Hack macular ray very Iroctd, almost obliterating inner portion of violet.
Hind-wing: hind-marginal spots large, black, inwardly prolonged and
acuminate on nervules. Under side. — Hind-wing and apex of fore-
wing strongly tinged with chrome-yellow ; spots of discal series very
dark and distinct, separate, but larger than in ^ ; extremities of ner-
vules more widely blackish than in ^.

Dimorphic Form of $. — Apical patch black, broader throughout
(and especially towards posterior angle) traversed mesially by a row of
six rather small, outwardly narrowed white spots ; upper of two discal
spots near posterior angle merged in hind-marginal black. Hind-iving :
hind-marginal spots greatly widened, forming a border narrowly inter-
rupted with white on inter-nervular folds. Under side. — As in $ just
described, but the spots of discal series in both wings much enlarged.

{^Eah. — Damaraland, North-West Transvaal, and Eastern Tropical
South Africa.)

Some variation exists in both sexes of the typical form of Rcgina,
individuals occurring of smaller size than usual, with the under side
more decidedly reddish-tinged, and with the cilia also creamy-reddish.
The most strongly marked c^ s of this description that I have seen were
from the Eastern Transvaal ; two examples had the hind-wings quite
pinkish-creamy, with faint dusky-grey striolation. I have not seen any
g in which the black macular ray traversing the violet apical patch is
BO nearly obsolete as in Westwood's figure {op. cit.) of a Tati specimen,
but several $ s from Damaraland and the Transvaal exhibit considerable
reduction of the ray. It is a $ of this kind that I have selected for my
illustration. (Plate ii, fig. 3.)

The Variety A. above described is linked to the type by au inter-
mediate ^ taken by Uv. A. W. Eriksson in the region between the
north-west limits of tlie Transvaal and South Matabeleland.

By means of an exquisite water-colour drawing of Wallengren's
type, obtained for me by the kindness of Mr. Aurivillius, I have identified
that author's lone with my Variety A. of Begina ; the markings being
only a little less developed, and approaching those of Mr. Eriksson's
example just mentioned. A second example was sent for my inspection
l)y Mr. Aurivillius with the following note, viz. : " Referred by Wallen-
gren to his lone, but distinct from his type and description." This was
a small worn example of my typical Regina $.

The very closely allied Retccra, Gerst. {Gliederth.-Fauna d. Sansi-
har-Gchietcs, 1873, p. 365, t. xv. f. 2), founded on a single $ from
Endara, near Mombas, seems to be distinguished from Begina by its
rather larger size and redder apical patch,— the latter being also entirely
devoid of any trace of black on its inner edge.

This magnificent species excels in beauty all its near congeners, and is,
moreover, the largest of the genus, with tlie exception of the doubtfully distmct
Hetcera. The apical patch of the ^ is nearly twice as broad as that of Io7ie,
Godt., and of diflferent colouring, the most brilliant metallic pale (almost
glaucous) blue shifting over a ground of purplish-lake. The ? , moreover,
stands alone in presenting an apical violet space partaking to a large extent of
the splendour proper to that of the ^ . The Variety A. is undoubtedly the
finest form of the species, but one of the two forms of ? that are referable to
it exhibits only traces of the purple of the typical ? , and the other none
whatever. _ ,

Like so many of its congeners, Begina appears to find its " metropolis
between the Zambesi and the limit of the Southern Tropic, and to penetrate
but a little distance into the extra-tropical tracts. Mr. T. Ayres, however,
informs me that he met with the species " in numbers for a very short time m
December 1875," among the mountains in the Lydenburg District of the
Transvaal, and several examples (including one ? of Var. A.) taken near the
junction of the Marico and Limpopo Rivers have reached me from i\Ir. Selous
and Mr. Eriksson. Mr. John A. Bell, who in 1862 made me first acquainted
Avith the butterfly, brought down from Damaraland no fewer than sixty-seven
specimens, and informed me that it was most abundant on the Botletle, one of
the chief streams connected with Lake Ngami. On the eastern side of the
interior, the Makloutze River and Tati seem to be favoured stations of Begina,
Mr. Gates having noted it from the latter, and Mr. Selous and Mr. John L.
Fry having each sent me ticketed specimens from both localities. Mr. Fry's
examples from Makloutze River were taken on the 20th May 1887, and a
$ of Variety A. from Tati on the 23d January. He informs me that at the
former place the butterfly was numerous on the purple flowers of a species of
Cineraria.

Localities of TercLcolus Beginet.

1. South Africa.

K. Transvaal.— Marico and Limpopo Rivers {F. C. Selous— Ty-^. and
Var. A.). Junction of Marico and Limpopo (.4. W. Eriksson).
Lydenburg District {T. Aijrcs).
VOL. III. H

114 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Otlier African Regions.
A. South Tropical.
a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell [Typ. and Var. A.], //.

Hutcliinf^on, W. C. Palgrave, and J. J. Christie),
hi. Eastern Interior.— Makloutze River {F. 0. Selous and J. L.

Fry). Tati {F. C. Selous and J. L. Fri/—Typ. and Var. A.).

274. (10.) Teracolus Eunoma, HopfFer.

(J Pieris Eunoma, Hopff., " Monatsber. K. Akad. d. Wissensch. Berlin,
1855, p. 640," and Peters' Reise nach Mossamb., ZooL, v., p. 353, t.
xxiii. If. I, 2 (1S62).

Ex2^. ciL, 2 in. 3^ lin.

^ Wliitc ; apical patch of fore-iving reduced to tioo small separated
elongate purplish-lake markings hcttvcen subcostal nervure and loiver
radial nervule ; bases very finely and narroioly greyish-sprinkled. Fore-
wing : a small, ill-defined terminal disco-cellular blackish spot ; apical
margin narrowly bordered with brownish, internally dentate on ner-
vules, on hind-margin not extending below third median nervule ;
close to costa, below second subcostal nervule, a small elongate faint
blackish mark. Ifind-iving : without marking of any kind. Under
SIDE. — Hind-wing and narrov: costcd and apical border of fore-ioing
pcde oehrey-yellow. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular spot better de-
fined than on upper side. Hind-wing : costal margin edged with
orange from base to about middle ; a minute terminal disco-cellular
blackish spot.

This curious species, in which the purple apical marking is so extraordi-
narily limited, and almost all the other ordinary markings of the group are
wanting, was founded by Hopffer on a single cJ example from Inhambane.
It seems to be a butterflj"- of great rarity, the only other example recorded
being a ^ , ticketed " Zanzibar," in the Hewitson Collection, Avhere I noted it
in 1 86 7. I did not make a description of the latter, not at the time bearing
in mind that the locality of the type lay just outside the Southern Tropic.
The diagnosis given above is therefore taken from Hopffer's figures in the work
quoted.

Localities of Teracolus Funoma.
I. South Africa.

I. " Inhambane." — Hopffer.

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast. — Zanzibar. — Coll. Hewitson.

275. (11.) Teracolus AnnoD, (Wallengren).

(J Antliocharis Danae, Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., pi. vii. f. 2 (1847).

„ „ Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 587 (1847).

$ Thestias Annx, "W^allengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl, 1857 ; Lep. Rhop.
Caffr., p. 16, n. I.

I'lElllN/E. 115

S $ Anthocharis Danar, Trim., Khop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 44, n. 27 (1S62).
Teracnlus cinerescens, Butl., Cist. Eiit., i. p. 172, 11. 53 (1873), and Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 155, n. 99.
$ ? Callosune cinerescens, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 23 (1884).

Ed'p. «/., {$) 2 in. 0-3 lin. ; ($) 1 in. I I lin.— 2 in. i liu.

$ White, ivith very large broad crimson-red apical patch, divided
into eight iincqual parts hy fine Hack nciiration. Fore-wing : costa
black-edged ; basal area to beyond middle of discoidal cell and of inner
margin suffused u-ith dark-grey ; apical patch usually glossed with
violet in some lights, externally bordered narrowly with black, which
radiates for a little distance on nervules, and internally with a broad
blackish border, diffused on its inner edge, touching extremity of dis-
coidal cell, and extending to posterior angle ; a terminal lunular disco-
cellular black spot ; between first median nervule and submcdian nervure,
almost touching internal border of red patch, a very faint indistinct
blackish mark. Eind-wing : broadly suffused with dark-grey as far as
extremity of discoidal cell (where there is a faint orange spot), and also
as far as anal angle, where it is paler ; on costa, beyond middle, a
transverse short blackish streak, from which a broad blackish band,
radiating for some distance on nervules, and usually crossed by whitish
inter-nervular streaks, extends along hind-margin, narrowing to anal
angle. Under side. — Fore-wing : white ; basal grey much paler than
on upper side, its outer edge defined by a blackish streak ; terminal
disco-cellular spot larger and rounder ; apical patch outwardly creamy-
white, inwardly pale orange-red, traversed on its inner side by a sinuate
row of six blackish spots ; spot below first median nervule blacker and
more distinct, and continuous of the sinuate row of spots ; nervules
near hind-margin clouded with blackish, which forms terminal spots
on the three next anal angle, Hind-iving : very slightly tinged with
yellowish ; costa edged with orange-yellow from base to a little before
middle ; grey suffusion as extensive as on upper side, but very much
paler; a rather large, orange-red, incompletely black-ringed spot at
extremity of cell ; beyond middle, from costa to submedian nervure, a
sub-angulated series of seven red-centred blackish spots ; neuration
clouded with blackish between this series of spots and hind-margin.
In both ivings a very fine black line edging hind-margin.

$ Fore-icing : suffusion from base much darker than in ^, extend-
ing farther towards middle ; disco-cellular spot larger, ovate ; ajnccd
marking smaller, dull-red, inclining to orange, and without violet lustre,
broadly black- bordered externally, and divided by a transverse, sinuate
band of contiguous black spots, similar to those on under side of ^ ;
spot below third median nervule large, black, quadrate, often joined to
inner border of apical marking. Hind-wing : dark suffusion not ex-
tending farther than in ^, but of the same brownish-black as in fore-
wing ; disco- cellular orange spot hardly perceptible ; costal mark beyond
middle continued across wing bv a row of contiguous blackish spots.

ii6 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

which become merged in the blackish bands on inner margin and hind-
margin (the latter of which is broader than in ^) near anal angle.
Under side. — Like that of $. Fore-iving : apical marking yellower, and
more broadly red inwardly, than in ^ ; the black spots dividing it
larger, sometimes contiguous ; basal grey mixed with lemon-yellow.
Hind-wing : yellowish, darker than in $ ; row of spots beyond middle
larger. Cilia of fore-wing reddish-grey, but white or whitish near
posterior angle; of hind-wing white, mixed with reddish in ^.

Variety A. $ and $. — Usually smaller ; exp. al., Q) i in. 9I-
10-^ lin. ; ($) I in. 8^ lin. — 2 in.

$ Basal grey much fainter and less developed, especially in fore-
wing, where it is sometimes almost obsolete ; hind-marginal border of
hind-wing broken up into completely separate spots, except near apex.

^ More or less tinged with lemon or ochreous-yellow ; basal suf-
fusion not nearly so dark, mixed with ochreous-yellow scales ; apical
patch of fore-wing usually larger and of brighter red, its inner border
being narrower and in the upper part more or less diffused ; hind-
marginal border of hind-wing narrower, radiating little or not at all on
nervules.

Under side in both sexes of a deeper creamy-tint in hind-wing and
at apex of fore-wing ; spots of discal series (especially in hind-wing
and in ^) more rounded and sub-oceliate, with centres more or less
glistening.

(ffaJ). — Kaffraria Proper, Natal, North- West Transvaal, and Eastern
Tropical South Africa.)

Of this variety, which links the typical Annce to Wallengrenii^
Butl., I possess a dwarf $, taken in some part of Kaffraria by Mr. H.
J. Atherstone, which expands only I in. 6 lin.

Wallengren's reference of his Anncc to the Oriental genus Thcstias,
and his description of its apical patch as " rufo-fulva," for long puzzled
me ; and it was not until 1 88 I, when Mr. Aurivillius kindly sent me
a typical specimen from the Stockholm Museum, that I was enabled to
identify it as the large African form of " Danae," figured by Doubleday
and mentioned by Boisduval in 1847, ^^^ separated by Mr. Butler in
1873 as Cincrcscens.

Annce is well distinguished from the Indian Banac^ Fab., by its
larger size, much greater development of the basal dusky clouding in
both wings, and hind-marginal blackish border in the hind- wing. In
the (^, too, the apical patch is redder (not so thoroughly crimson), with
a broader blackish border on its inner edge, while in the % the same
marking is altogether different alike in its duller tint and the f^ir
greater development of its dark borders and intersecting macular ray.
On the under side there is a closer resemblance, but Annm has all the
markings sti'onger, a wider red flush on inner side of the apical
patch, and in the fore-wing a distinct blackish streak bounding the
basal grey. The true Danae is intermediate in characters between

I'lEKINiE. 117

Anna' aiul Uupompe, Klug, recorded from Nortli-East Africa and
Arabia.

The typical ^ presents some variation in the dusky-grey basal
clouding, but iu only one specimen (from Kaffraria Proper) is there a
marked diminution of it, aud that in the fore-wings only. A ^ from
Damaraland approaches the individual just mentioned to some extent,
and also presents a less developed and submacular border in the hind-
wings. The latter peculiarity (approaching the Variety A.) occurs in
an otherwise strongly-marked and very typical $ from the North-West
Transvaal. The $ vai-ies more in the development of the marginal
blackish (which in the hind- wings of one KafFrarian example is so great
as to obliterate entirely the usual white band or spots beyond the discal
blackish series), and in the tint of the apical patch. In one example
from the North-West Transvaal this last feature is much suffused with
fascons, and the colour of the very diminished pale portion is very dull
pale ochrey-yellowish.

In Natal I only once fell in witli this strikingly handsome butterfly, viz.,
on 23d February, about a hill-top near Verulam, where two or three examples
were flying rapidly about flowers. Mr. Gooch (Entomologist, 1880, p. 274)
notes the capture of a line series five miles inland from D'Urban.^ Colonel
Bowker has sent but a few examples from the same neighbourhood ; but in
former years he forwarded many fine specimens from the Bashee Eiver in
Kaffraria,- and in 1873 dispatched to me the paired sexes captured at Fort
Warden, on the west bank of the Kei. To the northward of the Transvaal,
and in tlie Tropical belt beyond, as well as in Damaraland, the type-form and
the variety appear to be both numerous.

Localities of Teracolus Anncc.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Fort Warden, Kei Eiver (J. H. Boicker). St.
John's River Mouth (Sir H. Barkly— Var. A.).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee and Tsomo Rivers {J. II. Bowker).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'TJrban ( /. //. Bowlcer and the late M. J. M'Ken

— Typ. and Var. A.).
h. Upper Districts. — Rorke's Drift (J. H. Boivker).
K. Transvaal. — Limpopo and Marico Rivers (F. C. Selous). Junction
of those rivers {A. W. Eriksson— Tyg. and Var. A.).

^ Mr. A. D. Millar, in referring to some fine specimens taken in December 1887,
informs me that during that month Anna is plentiful in certain localities about D'Urban,
but, as a rule, is restricted to those localities. He noted a ? laying eggs on a climbing
plant.

- One of these specimens is very remarkable, as exhibiting to some extent the characters
of both sexes. The ground-colour is as white as usual in the S ; the basal clouding is
irregularly but for its larger part made grey, as in the i, by close white scaling; the
border of the hind-wings is like that of tlie (J , but the discal row of black spots as in the
9 ; and, finally, while the left apical patch is coloured and marked as in the 9 , the right
one is (except for the narrow strip above subcostal nervule) entirely like that in the <J .

5 80UTII-AFRTCAX BUTTERFLIES.

11. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (J. A. Bell and the Late C. J.

Anderssnn).
h. Eastern Coast.— Zanzibar (CulL HeAvitson — A^ar. A.).
In. Eastern Interior. — Bamangwato : Kama's Country (/7. Barter).
Tchakani and Makloutze Rivers {F. 0. Selous and JoJm L. Fry
— Typ. and Var. A.).

276. (12.) Teracolus Wallengrenii, Butler.

S AnthnjJsi/cJie Danae, Wallengr.,^ K. Sv. Vct.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857; Lcp.

Rhop. Caffr., p. 14.
$ Anthopsyche Eu]?omp(?, "Wallengr.,^ loc. cit.
$ Anthocliaris Danae, Trim. [part],>Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 45 (1862), and

[^Anth. Fiqjoinjye'l ii. p. 330 (1866).
S $ Teracolus Wallejigrenii, ButL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S76, p. 157,

n. 105.
? Callosune Wallengrenii, Westw., App. Gates' j\Iatahelcland, p. 341,

pi E, ff. 3, 4 (iSSi).

Exp. al., (^) I in. 6i— 1 1 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-10 lin.

Nearly allied to Annce, Wallengr., Var. A.

^ W/iite, ivitli large crimson-red, sUglitly violaccoics-glosscd ajncal
patch, shaped and hordcred as in Annm ; based grey very narroio and
faint in fore-wing, and equally faint {though extending near inner margin
to beyond middle) in hind-wing, and ivithout any defined edge cxternaUy.
Hind-wing : hind- marginal blackish border represented only by a series
of small or very small spots on nervules, often more or less acuminate
inwardly. Cilia of fore-wing reddish, except for a short white portion
about posterior angle ; of hind- wing white, except for a reddish portion
about and near anal angle. Under side. — Hind-iving and apical area
of fore-wing pedc reddish-creamy, very finely and closely dusted with grey.
Fore-wing : apical patcli decidedly yellow-tinged over its inner half, —
the intersecting blackish spots small, ill-defined, but with more or less
indistinct submetallic brassy centres, and partly surrounded by some
diffused dull-red elongate rays ; rarely some greyish clouding in basal
area. Hind-vnng : terminal disco-cellular spot reniform, submetallic
brassy (or rarely silvery) ringed with blackish ; seven spots of discal
row similar, but with darker rings mixed Avitli reddish or ferruginous
scales (the two lowest spots small and dull) ; basi-costal orange edging
not well-defined ; a minute black spot at extremity of each nervule.

% Apical red patch brighter, paler, and larger than in Annce. ; the
spots intersecting it smcdler and more separate, and the dark borders nar-
rower,-^ — the inner border being also obsolete as regards its upper part ;
basal grey often not more developed than in $, but variable, — in some
examples almost as strong as in Annce, Var. A. Hind-iving : spots of

^ Walleiigren's descriptions are sufficient to warrant tlie references here given ; but I
have been able to confirin them by the loan from Mr. Aurivillius of typical specimens
belonging to the State Museum in Stockholm.

PIERINii:. 119

discal series usually smaller and narrower ; spots of hind-marginal series
usually small, diffused and separate, but occasionally so much enlarged
as almost to touch each other. Undku SIDE.— As in ^, but spots of
discal series in both wings, and terminal disco-cellular spot on hind-
wing, larger, and more distinctly silvery-centred. Forc-iving : reddish
streaks on inner side of apical patch enlarged and confluent ; a hind-
marginal series of minute nervular black spots.

Wallcngrenii appears to represent in the south tho species named
Eiqjom'pc by Klug {Symh. Phys., pi. vi. If. i 1-14), which that author
records from Abyssinia, Dongola, and Arabia, and which Geyer {Zutr.
Ex. Schmctt. Iliihn., ff. 991-992) also figures from Senegal. In the
typical Eupompc, the carmine red of tho apical patch is in both sexes
more vivid and pure than in Wallcngrenii, and the under side of the
hind-wings is white, and either without or with quite minute discal
spots. The $ is represented by Klug as having the basal grey broadly
and strongly developed, as well as the large nervular spots of the hind-
wings; but the discal series of the latter wings are faint ochreous-
yellow, while on the under side the wide subapical red of the fore-wing
and the discal spots of the hind-wing (orange-yellow with imperfect
thin blackish rings) are marked features. I possess, however (through
the kindness of Professor Meldola), specimens from Harkeko, on the
Red Sea, collected by Mr. J. K. Lord, which, in the decidedly yellowish
under side of the hind-wing in both sexes, exhibit a tendency in the
direction of Wallcngrenii ; the two $ s of this variation are much
smaller and with much less developed basal clouding than King's
figure, and one $ entirely wants the apical red in the fore-wings.

As shown by the measurements given above, Wallengrenii is extremely
variable in size. Judging from coloured photographs sent to me by the late
Mr. E. C. Buxton, some of the specimens taken in Swaziland are even smaller
than the minimum I have given. On the otlier hand, a S from Delagoa Bay
surpasses the maximum I have given, expanding as widely as the largest $
Annce. Nevertheless, the characters empliasised in my description of Wallen-
grenii suffice to distinguish the butterfly even from the Variety A. of AnncB,
which most nearly approaches it.

Localities of Tcnicolus Wallcngrenii.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Ivingscote, Keiskamma River (TF. aS'. M.
D' Urban).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Special locality not noted (/. //. Boicker).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (tlie late 31. J. W-Ken). Yerulam

(/. H. Bowlier). Victoria County (TF. Movant),
h. Upper Districts. — Weenen County {J. M. Hutchinson).
G. "SwazihuKl"— The late E. C. Buxton.
H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques (]\[rs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal.— Marico Kiver {F. C. Selons). Lydenburg District {T.
Ayres).

T20 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

11. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

bi. Eastern Interior. — " Tauwani River (Oates)." — 'Westwood.

277. (13.) Teracolus Auxo, (Lucas).

S 9 Antliodiaris Evarne, Boisd., App. Voy. Deleg. Afr. Aust., p. 587

(1847).
c? Antliocharls Auxo, Lucas, "Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 422."
S ? Anthopsyche Evarne, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857;

Lep. Rho^x Caffr., p. 14, n. 9.
$ Avtliocharis Evarne, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 55, n. 36 (1862).
$ ? Gallosune Anxo, Stand., Exot. Schmett., L pi. 23 (1884).
? S Teracolus Si/rtimis, But!., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 163, n. 124.

Exp. al, {$) I in. 7-10 liu. ; ($) i in. 7--10 liu.

$ Bright pale sulphur -y elloiu ; apical patch large, orange, very slightly
glossed with pink, occupying nearly half area of fore-wing. Fore-iving :
base very narrowly blackish; costa edged with black and narrowly
speckled with blackish ; apical patch internally sometimes with an ill-
defined faint blackish edging, externally with a well-marked black
edging, widest at apex, on nervules acutely indenting orange, and
narrowing to lower extremity of patch, beneath which (immediately
above posterior angle) it suddenly widens, forming a blackish spot.
Hind-wing : a hind-marginal series of small indistinct blackish nervular
spots, in some specimens very minute. Under side. — Hind-iving and
apical area of fore-wing chrortie-ycllow. Fore-wing: apical patch indi-
cated by a flush of deeper yellow and very faint greyish edging ; along
hind-margin an inter- nervular series of thin black dots. Rind-wing :
a terminal disco-cellular blackish dot, usually rather indistinct ; inter-
nervular series of dots as in fore-wino-,

^ Sometimes paler than ^, oecasioncdly nearly ivhite ; apical p)atch
sometinies rather paler than in ^, traversed hy part of a discal series of
large well-marked Uackish spots. Fore-iving : base rather widely but
sparsely dusted with blackish ; a conspicuous well-defined terminal
disco-cellular spot, very variable in size, reniform or subovate in two
examples, acuminate superiorly ; outer border of orange patch browner
than in ^, emitting longer nervular rays ; discal ray composed of three
more or less united smaller spots, obliquely placed between dark costal
border and lower radial nervule, — two united spots (of which the upper
is much the larger) between third and first median nervules, and
two (of which the upper is subquadrate and the largest in the series)
a little before the two last-named spots, between first median nervule
and inner margin ; between these three groups of spots in the discal
series there is usually a thin indistinct connecting line of blackish
scales. Uind-unng : a broken discal macular ray of blackish spots,
widely and completely interrupted between second subcostal and third
median nervules, angulated on the latter nervule, and thence consisting
of two or three separate spots, and reaching either to first median ner-

vule or to submediau nervure ; basal blackish irroration very sparse,
but inferiorly extending widely ; blackish spots of hind-marginal series
always greatly larger than in $, and acuminate inwardly on uervules, —
sometimes so much developed as to form a broad border only inter-
rupted by crossing lines of the ground-colour on inter-nervular folds.
Under side. — Hind-iving and ajjical area of fore-wing usually rather
duller and more ochreous than in $. Fore-iving : inner-marginal area
whitish ; terminal disco-cellular spot not so black or so sharply defined
as on upper side, — the nervule traversing it often yellowish- white ;
discal macular series indistinctly marked except the two largest spots.
Hind-iuing : discal macular ray only indicated by some very faint
dull reddish-grey marks ; a good- sized terminal disco-cellular rounded
whitish spot in a thin reddish-grey ring.

Dimorphic Form of $. — Orange of apical jMich obsolete, the only
traces of it being some scales on nervules and inter-nervular folds ;
ground-colour yellowish-white; discal blackish markings smaller and
more separate than usual.

{Hah. — Kaffraria Proper and Natal.)

Variety A. $ and $. — $ Yellowish-white except for a tinge of
sulphur-yellow along inner edge of apical patch. Fore-icing: costal
edge very finely black, its border scarcely irrorated with grey ; apical
hind-marginal border more bluntly indenting the orange on nervules,
its lower extremity forming a smaller blackish mark below the orange.
Hind-wing : spotless ; in one example only with the faintest possible
indication of minute hind-marginal nervular spots. Under side. —
Much paler than in type ; inner-marginal area of fore-wing white.
Fore-wing : base tinged with sulphur-yellow. Hind-iving : in two
specimens, some small faint reddish-brown spots, far apart, indicate
position of a discal ray.

^ Ground-colour as in ^ ; markings as in type, except that hind-
marginal spots of hind-wing appear to be always rather small and
widely separate. Under side. — Paler than in type.

One $ and two $ s of this variety to some extent approximate to
Topha, Wallengr., having the under side of the hind-wing and apical
area of fore-wing tinted with pale reddish-creamy, which in the $ s
is speckled with dark-grey.

{ffah. — North-West Transvaal and Eastern Tropical South Africa.)

The type-specimens of Sgrtinus, Butl., in the collection of the

British Museum appeared to me to be pale, rather worn ^ s of Aitxo,

slightly approaching the variety just described. They were ticketed

" Senegal " and " Lake Nyassa."

Auxo differs from Frame, Klug,^ which is itself a very near ally

of the Indian Fucharis, Fab., in its general yellow ground-colour,

which in both sexes of Fvarne is confined to the fore-wings, and is

there very much paler, especially in the $. The $ Auxo has the apical

1 ,'^'ymb. Plii/s., pi. vi. ff. 1-4. Hah. " Ambukuhr' (Dongola).

122 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

orange better defined inwardly (and sometimes faintly blackish edged),
while its outer blackish border is broader, and forms a broad mark
immediately above posterior angle, which is quite wanting in Ecarne ;
and, on the under side, sulphur-yellow and deep-yellow take the place
of the white area of fore-wing and the yellowish-white of the hind-
wing. I have not seen a ^ Uvarnc, but, j udging from Klug's figures,
it has much smaller black markings than the $ A^ixo, and wants the
whole of the discal spots of the hind-wings except the costal one
(which is exceedingly small), while the pale-yellowish under side has
the markings very faint and reduced throughout.^

Colonel Bowker forwarded in 1873 the paired sexes, taken at
Fort Warden on the Kei Eiver : the ^ of this pair was almost white,
with the apical colouring pale salmon-reddish, and the black markings
moderately developed. From Kaffraria Proper he had previously sent
a good series of both sexes, quite agreeing with the Natalian typical
form ; and among the few more recently sent by him from Natal is
a fine example of the dimorphic $ wantiug the orange at the apex of
the fore-wings. During my stay ia Natal I noticed but few of this
gaily tinted species ; those that I captured flew with moderate activity,
and settled often on flowers. These individuals were taken in February
and March.- Westward of the Kei River, Auxo appears to be scarce,
being mostly replaced by Tojoha, Wallengr. ; but Mr. J. P. Mansel
Weale has recorded {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 274) the
occurrence of a number of specimens in a spot near King William's
Town which had, during the preceding summer, yielded only TojjJia. Mr.
Weale notes the appearance of the species from December to April.

The Variety A. above described seems to be numerous in the
interior on both sides of the tropical boundary, specimens having been
sent from those tracts by Mr. Selous, Mr. Eriksson, and Mr. Fry.

Localities of Tcracolus Auxo.
I. Sou til Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Keiskamma Hoek (H. J. Atherstone). " King
William's Town."— J. P. Mansel Weale. Fort Warden, Kei
River {J. II. Boicl-er).

^ Another even nearer ally of Auxo occurs on the White Nile and in Abyssinia, viz.,
Xanthevarne, Butl. (he. cit., n. 123). The <S has a larger orange patch, without any trace
of inner dark edging, and the ? has very strong black markings ; while the apex of the fore-
wings is in both sexes much rounder. T. citreus, Butl. {loc. cit, n. 120), from the White Nile
and Hor Tamanib— I have received from Professor Meldola a pair from the latter locality —
is a smaller form, with the under side in both sexes (but more strongly in the 9 ) pale reddish-
creamy reticulated with grey hatchings. The Evarnc of Geyer [Forts. Hilbn. Zutr. Exot.
Schmdt., ff. 993-994), from Senegal, is evidently a variety of the 9 of this form, in which
the apical orange is wanting. In the 9 I have from Hor Tamanib there is scarcely the
faintest tinge of that colour.

Mr. A. D. Millar notes the abundance of the species in certain localities near D'Urban
during December 18S7. It frequents the same species of creeper that is afifected by T.
Annie. Three 6 s and two 9 s were kindly forwarded by Mr. Millar.

riEKIN.E. 123

D. KafTraria Propor. — Tsonio and llaslice Rivers (./. //. Buirker). St.

John's Kiver Mouth {Sir II. Ikirldii).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urhan. Ycrulani. Umvoti.
n. Delagoa Bay. — LonreuQO Marquns {Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. G. Seloux). Lydcn-
burg District {2\ Ai/res).

IT. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River and Tchakani Vley {F. C.
Selous—Yav. A.). Between North- West Transvaal and South
Matahelehxnd {A. W. Eriksson).

278. (U.) Teracolus Topha, (Wallengren).

9 Anfhopsi/che EucJiccris, 1 Var., Wallengr., K. Sv. Vct.-Akad. Hand].,

1857 ; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 15.'^
^ Antltopsyche Topha, Wallengr., Wien. Ent. Montaschr., i860, p. 34, n. 5.
^ $ Antliocharis Keiskamma, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 56, n. 37

(1862); and pi. 2, IT. 2 [c?], 3 [?](i866).
(J $ Gallosune Topha, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Furliandl, 1872,

p. 46, n. 7.

Exp. al., ($) I in. 6-8 lin. ; ($) i in. 6-8 lin.

$ Bright sulphur-yellow, with orauge apical patch, shot with pink,
occupying ahoiit half the area of fore-v:ing. Fore-wing : apical patch
with no internal blackish margin, and externally only very narroivhj
edged with faint-brownish, which extends but very little on either
side of apex, — the orange reaching nearly to posterior angle, and
slightly infringing on extremity of discoidal cell ; base very narrowly
marked with blackish; no disco-cellular spot; costal edge very faintly
tinged with pale-brownish ; fringe pale reddish-brownish as far as first
median nervule, between which and posterior angle it is sulphur-yellow.
Hind-wing : spotless ; base very narrowly marked with blackish ; fringe
sulphur-yellow as far as second or first median nervule, — thence, along
inner margin to base, pale russet-brownish. Under side. — Fore-wing :
ground-colour paler than on upper side ; position of apical patch only
indicated by a deeper shade of yellow ; costa narrowly, apex more
widely, tinged with very faint brownish, — the apex, in addition,
mottled or irrorated with pale-brownish atoms ; along hind-margin
a row of minute black dots heiwcen nervules, and two similar dots
on costa immediately before apex. Hind-wing : dull, pale, reddish-
ochreous {pcder on apieal hcdf of Idnd-marginal portion), rather thickly
irrorated ivith hrownish atoms ; on costa, beyond middle, a faint
blackish mark, which, with some much fainter marks between third
median nervule and submedian nervure, indicate an angulated macular
stripe across wing ; along hind-margin a row of minute black dots
between nervules.

^ Wallengren in 1S72 (he. cit. infra) referred his '{ Eucharis 9 var. to Topha; and a
typical example lent to me by Mr. C. Aurivillius quite confirmed this determination.

124 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

$ Ground-colour much paler, sometimes nearly ivhite ; orange apical
patch paler and duller, ivith very slight pink gloss. Fore-wing : a
rather large, black, disco-cellular spot ; beyond it a curved discal trans-
verse row of five good-sized blackish spots crossing the orange, — the
first and second respectively above and below first discoidal nervule, —
the third and fourth respectively above and below second median
nervule, — the fifth and largest between first median nervule and sub-
median nervure ; base and costa greyish ; apical patch margined out-
wardly with blackish, which slightly indents the orange on nervules,
sometimes forming a large blackish mark at posterior angle, below and
touching the orange. Hind-iving : along hind-margin a row of large,
ill-defined, blackish spots at extremities of nervules, but not reaching
farther than extremity of second median nervule. Ujv'DER side. —
Fore-wing : white, or very pale-yellowish ; disco-cellular spot and row
of spots as on upper side, but not so strongly marked ; costa and apex
darker than in $, the former faintly irrorated with brown, the latter
more widely so than in ^ ; hind-marginal dots as in ^. Hind-wing :
clearer in tint than in $, not so reddish, irrorations darker ; a conspi-
cuous, shining-white, disco-cellular spot ; a distinct angulated, brown,
transverse discal stripe or shade, the edges of which are not clearly
defined ; hind-marginal dots as in $ Ictivecn nervules. Apex of fore-
wing more rounded titan in $.

In some specimens of the ^, the discal blackish spots on the upper
side are considerably smaller and fainter than as above described, and
occasionally they are all but obsolete.

Larva. — When first hatched, bright-orange ; afterwards brownish-
green ; finally, dull glaucous bluish-green, with a darker median dorsal
stripe, and a pale-yellow (almost white) stripe on each side above the
legs. Food-plant, Cadaha Natalensis (Cap2)aridcce).

Pupa. — Bright-green, with a thin yellow lateral line.

Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale, to whom I owe the above note of the
larva and pupa, mentioned in a letter to me (and has also recorded in
Trans. Fnt. Soc. Zofid., 1877, pp. 273-275) that the $ Keiskamma
( = Topha, Wallengr.) laid her small, fluted orange-coloured eggs singly
on the summit of the flower-buds of the food-plant, and that the young
larva penetrates the bud, where it passes its first stage. The latest
colouring of the caterpillar assimilates so nearly to that of the leaves
that it is difficult to discover the insect, and Mr. Weale obtained most
of his specimens by beating the shrub. Finding that the pup^ varied
a good deal in colour when developed in confinement, Mr. Weale tried
the effect of rearing some specimens '' in glass test-tubes exposed on
coloured cards, in which they were partially enveloped," with the result
that on a vermilion card one pupa was pale-ochreous and another pale
bluish-green ; on a gamboge-yellow card, bright-green ; on green card
(cobalt and gamboge), ochreous ; on cobalt-blue card, greenish-white.
Exposed on the food-plant in nature, the pupa was bright-green ; on

riERIKE. 125

dead leaves away from the liglit, dark-brown ; on dry stem of food-
plant, pale-ochreous ; and on a glass tumbler, pale yellowish-green.

Topha is distinguished from Auxo, Lucas, by its considerably smaller
size and somewhat acuter fore-wings ; by the comparativel}^ larger and
more deeply-tinted orange patch in the $, always wholly free from any
trace of inner dark edging, and with only an extremely faint and attenu-
ated brownish outer edging ; by the much reduced discal spotting of
the ^, which in the hind-wings disappears altogether, and by the deep
dull-reddish colouring of the under side in both sexes. One $ example,
from Weenen County, in Natal, exhibits considerable deviation from
the last-named character, having the under side of the hind-wings
yellow, with only a basal reddish stain and some very sparse brownish
irroration ; and another ^ from the same district exhibits in the same
wings an ill-defined dusky longitudinal streak traversing discoidal cell
from base to extremity,

Mr. AY. S. M. D'Urban, who in i860 made known to me this interesting
Teracolus, was so struck Avith its abundance in and apparent restriction to the
neighbourhood of the Keiskamma in the then Colony of British Kaffraria, that
lie proposed for it the name of that river, which I accordingly adopted in my
liliopalocera Africce Australis, not being aware that the butterfly had already
been described by "Wallengren under the name Topha. It has since been
found to have a considerable range eastward and northward, but seems to occur
nowhere in such profusion as in the locality where Mr. D'Urban discovered it.

In the paper already quoted, Mr. Mansel "Weale records the interesting fact
that while from January to May 1876 he for the first time met with KeisTiamma
( = Topha) numerously about a bush of what proved to be their food-plant, a few
miles from King William's Town, and saw no examples of Evarne ( - Auxo),
yet in the next succeeding summer, from the end of 1876 to the end of April
1877, he found no 'Topha on or about the same Caclaha bush, but only Auxo,
which he had not before noticed in this neighbourhood. He observed the
$ Auxo laying her eggs in the same manner as the $ Topha ; the eggs and
the resulting larvae and pupae did not differ from those of Auxo, and the pupae
exhibited the same liability to vary in colour.

Mr. Weale Avrote to me that he regarded these observations as proving the
species-identity of the two butterflies, and certainly the evidence in that direc-
tion is strong. But a difficulty occurs in the circumstance that the two forms
were not seasonal ones in the ordinary sense, but appeared in the corresponding
(summer) season in both years of observation ; and it is also to be noted that
Mr. D'Urban (who did not meet with Auxo during his stay in British Kalfraria)
expressly wrote that Topha was on the wing " all the year round." Mr. Weale
mentions, however, that the summer when Topha prevailed was a wet one, and
that the succeeding one, when only Auxo was seen, was luiusually drj'. Until
one form has been shown by direct observation to result from ova laid by the
other, I think it advisable, in view of the very marked differences exhibited in
both sexes, to keep the two apart.

Localities of Teracolus Topha.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

b. Eastern Districts. — "Kingscote to Chalumua and Line Drift,"
Keiskamma {W. S. M. D'Urban). "King William's Town."—
J. P. Mansel Weale.

T26 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

I). Kaffraria Proper. — Special locality not noted (/. H. Bowher).

E. Natal.

b. Upper Districts. — Weenen County (/. M. Hutchinson).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Toioer).
K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District (T. Ayres).

279. (15.) Teracolus Evenina, (Wallengren).

^ Anthopsyche Evenina, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1S57 ; Lep.

Rhop. Caffr., p. 12, n. 3.
^ A?ithopsyche Dcidamia, Wallengr., "Wien. Ent. Monatschr., i860, p. 35,

n. 7.
5 Anthodiaris Evenina, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 322, n. 216 (1866).
$ Callosune Evenina, Trim., Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud., 1870, p. 380, pi. vi. f. 1 1.
S Anthopsyche Deidamia,Wa\leiv^Y.,K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1872,

p. 44.
S ? Callosune Evenina, Wallengr., op), cit., 1875, p. 90, n. 51.
S Callosune casta, Gerst., Gliederth.-Faun. Sansib.-Gebiet., p. 365, tab. xv.

ff. I, la (1873).
Vau. $ Callosune deidamioides, A\\ny.,l\.?^v.Y(it.-A\ia^. Forhandl., 1879,-

p. 45, n. 22.
(J {nee $ ) Teracolus Sipylas, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lojid., 1884,

p. 444, pi. Xl. f. II.

Uxp. al., {$) I in. 9 lin. — 2 in. ; ($) i in. 8-1 oj lin.

^ Fure wJiite, lulth rather lai-ge orange apical patch in forc-tving,
and a blackish longitudinal stripe {greyish- clouded in fore-ioing) in both
icings. Fore-wing : orange patch edged externally and superiorly by a
narrow but very clearly defined black border (piercing the orange to
some depth on nervules, especially on third and second median nervules),
and internally by a diffused but usually rather broad and conspicuous
blackish bar from costa, joining the hind-marginal border below second
median nervule ; costa before middle very thinly black-edged ; along
inner margin a more or less developed blackish longitudinal stripe (all
the basal part of which is grey with a dense irroration of white scales),
sometimes fading out before middle, but, when fully developed, ending
abruptly beyond middle ; this stripe is superiorly more or less diffused,
sometimes so wide near base as to rise above median nervure ; above
its outer terminal portion a grey shade indicates position of the wider
corresponding black baud of the under side. Hind-unng : along costa
a similar black stripe, greyish and diffused in that part of its wide base
which lies between costal and submedian nervures, abruptly and exca-
vately truncate beyond middle ; along hind-margin a series of black
nervular spots, very variable in size and acutely pointed inwardly, and
usually a thin black bounding line. Under side. — White. Fore-ioing :
apical patch pale-orange inwardly, pale-creamy outwardly, the inner
blackish border of the upper side faintly indicated ; nervules crossing
patch white, but in some specimens with some faint diffused fuscous
clouding where they cross the pale-orange ; inner marginal blackish
stripe not rising above median nervule, its outer extremity broader.

riERINiE. 127

blacker, more distinctly truncate than on upper side, bounded superiorly
by lirst median nervule. Ilind-winfj : costa broadly edged with bright-
orange from base to before middle; an indistinct grey shade marks
position of costal stripe of upper side, and a small dusky mark (usually
mixed with rufous) its extremity beyond middle ; a hind-marginal series
of minute nervular spots, usually wanting above third median nervule ;
rarely a faint dusky longitudinal ray along disco-cellular fold to beyond
middle.

$ Blackish markings largely (kvclojycd, especially in basal areas.
Fore-ioing : apical patch duller than in ^, inclining to yellow along its
inner edge (which has no trace of a blackish border), and intersected
by a well-marked, curved subnuxcular blackish stripe from costa to
second median nervule, or a little below it ; apical hind-marginal border
of patch brownish, broader than in $, more broadly and deeply pene-
trating the orange on nervules, but itself pierced almost or quite to
liind-marginal edge by the prolonged acuminate points of the inter-
nervular orange rays thus formed ; basal blackish, more or less white-
scaled, not reaching to middle of inner margin, but tilling the whole of
discoidal cell (leaving costal border white), concavely excised at extre-
mity of cell, extending beyond and below cell, and ending in an abruptly
truncate projection on median nervules ; below first median nervule,
beyond middle, a large quadrate blackish spot (representing termination
of inner-marginal stripe in ^), the upper inner angle of which touches,
or almost touches, truncate extremity of basal blackish area. Hincl-
vnng : basal area more or less deeply suffused with greyish-fuscous,
having a white or whitish space on costa about middle, immediately
followed by a large inferiorly acuminate blackish costal marking ;
extremity of discoidal cell usually blackish, enclosing a thin whitish
terminal lunule ; hind-marginal spots much enlarged and diffused,
forming a broad border, enclosing externally a series of small ill-defined
whitish inter-nervular spots; preceding the border, but partly touching
it, a discal transverse blackish ray on median nervules. Under side. —
Hind-wing and outer yart of apical i^atch of fore-wing more or less tinged
with creamy, rarely of a decided yelloiaish or reddish tint. Fore-wing :
blackish markings of upper side reproduced, but much fainter, the large
basal one densely irrorated with yellowish except on its outer projec-
tions ; intersecting ray of apical orange faintly indicated. Hind-wing :
a very faint grey shade representing basal clouding ; costal mark and
discal ray ill-defined, more or less red ; a rather conspicuous orange
terminal disco-cellular spot centred with white ; often a slight irroration
of grey atoms over all the wing, except upper half beyond middle.
Variety A. ^ and $ {2\ Deidetmioides, Auriv.).
$ Aptical patch of fore-tving with much reduced, sometimes almost
evanescent, inner blackish edging, usually broken at second median nervule ;
inner-margined stripie only narroivly developed near base ; costal stripe
of hind-wing fainter and narrower. Under side.— Hind- 10 in g and

128 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

outer pari of apical patch of forc-ioing more or less tinged ivitli pinhisli-
creamy, irrorated (and in parts shortly striolated) with grey ; in hind-
wing a more or less consincno us fuscous or dusky longitudinal ray cdong
disco-cellidar fold to a little hcfore hind - mar g in ; in fore-wing the inner-
marginal streak is usually represented by a greyish mark at base and
a faint discal spot, but is sometimes wanting altogether.

$ Under-side colour duller than in $, and more closely and generally
hatched and irrorated in Mnd-toing, so that disco-cellular dusky ray
is less distinct or sometimes hardly distinguishable ; costal and discal
markings of hind-wing also diffused, and not, or but little, red-tinged.

(Rah. — North of Cape Colony, Western Basutoland, Griqualand
West, Transvaal, Eastern Tropical Interior, and Damaralaud.)

I was enabled by the kindness of Mr. Chr. Aurivillius to examine
a type specimen of his Deidamioides, a ^ in which the disco-cellular
ray of the under side of the hind-wings was not very marked. In the
South- African Museum and in my own collection there are several
Transvaal ,^ s in which the under-side colouring is intermediate between
this variety and the typical Evenina $. Casta, of Gerstiicker, founded
on a single $ from Lake Jipe in East Africa, in some respects is very
near Deidamioides, but the white under side of the liind-wings is quite
like that of Evenina $, and I do not think that it can be separated
from the latter. The South- African Museum possesses three unusually
small ^ s of the variety from Damaralaud, expanding only I in. 7 lin.
across the wings; and some still smaller ^s {ex}). al. I in. 4—5 lin.)
and a i^ {cxp. al. i in. 5 lin.) were captured in Namaqualand by Mr.
L. Peringuey. The pinkish tint of the under side of the hind-wings
is faint in these dwarfed examples, and its irroration sparse and
limited.

Evenina ^ is highly variable both in size and markings. The
largest and most strongly marked specimens I have seen are two^ taken
by Mr. J. L, Fry at Tati on 8th January I 8 87, — the black borders,
stripes, and spots being throughout larger and darker, especially the inner-
marginal stripe of the fore-wings, and the hind-marginal spots of the
hind-wings. The smallest and most faintly marked (excluding the
Variety A.) are from Bechuanaland and Damaralaud. The colour of
the apical patch is very near that shown by the European Anthocharis
Cardamines $, but in fine examples exhibits a slight pink gloss.
Evenina ^ varies very much less than the $, and chiefly in the extent
and intensity of the basal and hind-marginal blackish of the hind-
wings. Two $s from Tati which accompanied the ^s just mentioned are,
however, remarkable for the corresponding great development of its dark

^ Another specimen is rather below the average size, and distinctly but not heavily
marked ; while two others hold an intermediate position, but are rather larger than the
average. I have examined the types of Swinhoe's Sipylus from Zanzibar in the British
Museum. The S is inseparable from the larger darker specimens of S Evenina just men-
tioned, though it is somewhat more heavily marked ; while the ? is plainly referable to
Quvisa, Wallengr.

riEKIX.E. 129

uppor-side markings, and for the strong yellow tinge of its under-side
colouring.

AVallengreu {loc. cH.) in 1875 recorded the confirmation of his previous
suggestion (in 1872), that his Deidamia would prove to he the <? of Evenina,
hy the capture in the Transvaal (on 27th March 1870) by INIr. N. Person of
the paired sexes. Mr. W. INIorant on 3d INIarch 1872 took near Potchefstroom
(as he wrote to me) a Deidamia " at the same spot as the Evenina now sent;"
and I had for some time previously looked upon the two as in all probability
sexes of the same species.

The S of this beautiful Teracolus, as Wallengren pointed out in his orighial
diagnosis, has some aflinity to T. Eph/jia of Klug {Synib. Phys., t. vi. 11'. 9,
10)', but judging from the latter author's figures and brief description, it is a
far larger butterlly, with a relatively much larger and brighter orange apical
patch than EpJujia; the Dongolan species is, moreover, entirely devoid of any
longitudinal blackish striping in both wings, has a distinct black terminal
disco-cellular spot in the fore-wing, and the white under side of hind-wing
absolutely without marking of any kind.

The $ Evenina appears to stand quite alone in the peculiar distribution
and outline of the basal blackish clouding, especially in the fore-wing, where,
as above described, it completely fills the discoidal cell up to the subcostal ner-
vure, and forms a singular truncate projection below and beyond the extremity
of the cell.

Evenina seems to be tolerably prevalent in the Transvaal and farther to the
northward, spreading far into the South Tropical regions, but only penetrates
sparingly the northern parts of the Cape Colony, and has not been recorded
from a°ny locality to the southward of the 30th parallel. There were thirty-
eight examples in Mr. J. A. Bell's collection, made in Damaraland.

Localities of Tcracolus Evenina.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.— Springbokfontein {G. A. Reynolds), and Spec-

takel (L. Peringuey). — Var. A.
h. Eastern Districts.— Hope Town (/. //. Boivl-e)').—Yav. A.

c. Griqualand West.— A^aal River {3Irs. Barber and /. H. Bowker).

— Typ. and Var. A.

d. Basutoland. — Maseru {J. H. BoivJcer). —Tyix
c. Orange Free State. — Hebron ( W. Morant).

H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourengo Marques {Mrs. Monteiro).

K. Transvaal— Limpopo River {F. C. Scions). — Ty\x Potchef-
stroom and Lydenburg Districts and Origstadt A^alley (TL.
Morant and T. ^///vs).— Typ. and Var. A.

L. Bechuanaland.— ]\rotito (the late Rev. J. Fredoux).—Ty\x

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.— Damaraland {J. A. Bell nnd W. C. Pahjrave).—

Typ. and Var. A.
h. Eastern Coast.— Zanzlbar.—Coll. Brit. Mus. [Type of Sij)yh(^,

Swinhoe].
bi. Eastern Interior.— Tati (/. L. Z'V^).— Typ. Mombasa: "Lake

Jipe {Kersten)." — GeviiViickev [Casta, Gerst.]. "Victoria

Xyanza." — Butler [Casta, Gerst.].
VOL. III. J

I30 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

280, (IG.) Teracolus simplex, Butler.

^ Teracolus simplex, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 148, n. 71.
cJ Callosiine Daviarensis, Auriv., K, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Furhandl., 1879,
p. 46, n. 23.

Exp. al., Q) I in. 9-1 lin.

$ IVhiie, with moderate-sized scarlet-orange apical patcli ; hasc of
hath vAngs with a very slight grey irroration. Fore-wing : a minute
terminal disco-cellular black spot ; inner edc^e of apical patch very
oblique, irregulai'ly denticulated, without any blackish or dnsky scaling,
— costal and liind- marginal edge with an extremely narrow border of
fuscous-grey, from apex downward emitting sliort nervular rays piercing
the orange, and ending between second and first median nervules.
Hind-wing : a hind-marginal series of terminal nervular black dots.
Under side. — Fore-wing : disco-cellular dot well marked ; apical patch
creamy-yellowish faintly irrorated and sparingly striolated with grey,
its inner border tinged with very pale-orange. IJind-wing : creamy-
whitish, very faintly tinged with pink, sparsely irrorated and striolated
with grey (rather more closely so near base and on costa a little before
apex) ; a terminal disco-cellular black dot, very faintly orange-bordered
inwardly.

This is a form of which the $ is as yet unknown. The $ is to
some extent a link between the Evenina and Achinc groups of the
genus, and may be recognised by the peculiar form and colour of the
apical patch, with its total want of any inner dark edging, and
extremely thin and dull costal and outer edging, as well as by the
complete absence of any trace of fuscous bordering along either the
inner margin of the fore-wings or the costa of the hind-wings.

The type of Simplex is a single injured ^ , ticketed "D'Urban," in the
collection of the British Museum. By the kind aid of Mr. C. Aurivillius, I
Avas able to compare with it a typical example of his Damarensis, and found
tlie two to be unquestionably the same species. A third $ has reached me
from Mashunaland near the Lower Zambesi, in a collection made by Mr. F. C.
Selous. Mr. Aurivillius {lac. cit.) notes the near apparent alliance of tbis
butterfly to Antevippe, Boisd., and Zera, Lucas, both from North Tropical
Africa. These two forms (judging from specimens so named in the collection
of tbe British Museum) belong to the Acldne group, and do not appear to me
to be separable as species.

Localities of Teracolus simplex.
I. South Africa.
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (Shelley). — Coll. Brit. Mas.

II. Otber African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland (G. De Vijlder). — Coll. Stockholm

Mus.
hi. Eastern Interior. — ]\Iashunaland (F. C, Selous).

riEiuN.'i:. 131

281. (17.) Teracolus Achine, (Cramer).

$ rapilio Achine, Cram., Tap. Exot., iv. pi. cccxxxviii. ff. k, f (lycSs).

$ $ Aphrodite Achine, lliibn., Sannnl. Exot. Sclmiett, ii. t. 128, 11'. i, 2
[c?], 3, 4 [9] 0^816).

9 Pieris Achine, Godt., Enc. Metli., ix. p. 122, n. 13 (1S19).

$ 9 Anfhochan's Achine, Boi.^d., Rp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 574, u. 21 (1836).

^2 „ „ Trim., lihop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 46, n. 29 (1862).

$ Antliopsyche Roxane, Feld., Keise d, Novara, Lep., ii. p. 187, n. 182
(1865).

? Teracolus AcMne, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 149, n. 77.

$ 9 Teracolus Trimeni, l>utl., /oc. r-zY., n. 79.
Vau. (? $ Teracohis Hero, Eutl., /oc. c/Y., n. 81, p!. vi. f. 11.
Vau. $ ? Teracohis Huperides, Butl., loc. cit., n. 76.

^i^j*. «^., (^) I in. 9-1 1 lin; ($) i in. 7 lin. — 2 in.

$ White ; apical patch hright red, inclining to orange, hut glossed
with a Tosij lustre. Forc-iving : apical red divided into six by tho dark
nervules crossing it, margined outwardly by a narrow black stripe
sharply indenting the red by radiating npon the nervules, inwardly
by a thin, blackish, ill-defined streak, within which the nervules are
usually black, piercing white ground for a little distance ; costa edged
with blackish, widening above apical red ; a distinct round, black dot
at extremity of discoidal cell ; a broad, blackish band along inner
margin to beyond middle, where it very slightly curves upwards and
ends abruptly. Eind-iving : base greyish ; a blackish band along
costa adjoining that on inner margin of fore-wing, and abruptly ending
immediately below where the latter ends ; on hind-margin, at extremi-
ties of nervules, a row of black spots, variable in size, radiating on
nervules, and inclining to form a continuous band, generally diminish-
ing in size towards posterior angle. Under side. — Fore-wing : apical
marking soft creamy-yellow, inwardly pale-orange ; disco-cellular spot
distinct ; inner-marginal band pale- greyish from base, ending in a
darker spot. Eind-iving : varying from creamy-white to creamy-yel-
lowish or creamy-reddish, in the more deeply tinted examples more
or less irrorated with grey atoms ; costa, from base to beyond middle,
edged with bright orange-yellow ; disco- cellular spot orange, outwardly
black-dotted ; a scarcely perceptible greyish tint along costa indicates
the position of the costal band, the extremity of which is always shown
by a greyish mark, sometimes mixed with reddish ; rarely some indis-
tinct traces on lower disc of an angulated band.

$ Very variable in size, frequently smaller than ^ ; of a duller ivliite,
or sometimes decidedly yelloivish. Fore- wing : red at apex much nar-
rower than in $, of a more orange tint, and withotit rosy lustre, its black
borders very much wider, especially the inner one (which latter is,
however, often intersected by the red, and occasionally with faint red-
dish colouring on its inner side) ; spot at extremity of discoidal cell
larger than in $ ; inner-marginal Uackish land very mucli hroader and
darker, its upper edge not clearly defined, but gradually shading off in

132 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTEKFLTES.

discoidal cell to near costa, and its outer extremity usually united to
inner black border of apical marking, on third median nervule, by a
narrow, upward, blackish streak. Hind-wing : grey at base and costal
band similar to the same in ^, but broader and darker ; from extremity
of band a more or less marked blackish streak extends almost to middle
of hind-margin, where it unites with a broad diffused submacular blackish
border, and from whence it turns off at right angles to beyond middle
of inner margin, this latter portion being very much broader than the
rest. Under side. — Duller in colour than in $, and iisually more, or
less tinged with yellow. Fore-wing : a blackish streak bordering inner
side of apical marking ; inner-marginal band greyish, ending in a well-
marked black spot, which is often united by a thin, faint, blackish streak,
to the inner border of apical marking, as on upper side ; base some-
times tinged with pale yellow. Hind-ioing : greyer in tint than in ^,
but marked similarly, excepting more or less indistinct pale-brownish
traces of the angulated band of upper side.

The apical red in the ^ presents various gradations through orange
to dull-yellowish, and is rarely wanting altogether, being replaced by
whitish spots.

The ^ varies considerably, not only in the tints of the under side
above mentioned, but in the development of the black markings, more
especially as regards the inner edging of the apical patch, the longi-
tudinal blackish band in both fore and hiad wings, and the hind-
marginal spots of the hind-wings.^ The ^ also presents much variation
in her considerably heavier black markings, which are sometimes so
enlarged as to leave only isolated patches of the whitish or yellowish
gi'ound-colour.

The T. Hero of Butler (the types of which, a ^ and a ^, I have
examined) is founded upon a % which presents these very strongly
developed blackish markings in conjunction with a dull-yellowish
ground-colour and a scarcely brighter apical patch ; and upon a ^ in
which the blackish markings of the fore-wings are reduced, — the inner-
marginal band being dusky-grey and becoming obsolete beyond middle,
and the inner edging of apical patch being also almost obsolete. Butler's
T. Trimeni (of which I have also examined the types) is founded
on specimens identified with Hiibner's figures above cited (including
some taken by myself in the Knysna District of Cape Colony), which
cannot, in my opinion, be held distinct from typical Achine. Hiibner's
figures represent a ^ and ^ in which the upper-side black markings
are, though very distinct, considerably narrowed ; but it seems to me
impossible to separate Hiibner's ^ from that originally figured by
Cramer, which only differs in its duller white ground-colour and heavier
black markings.

Hgjicrides, But!., is founded on a $ and two $ s collected by

^ In two (5 s among those that I captured near Grahamstown in the Cape Colony, there
are faint blacki.sh traces of an angulated discal ray on the itpiicr side of the hind-wings.

PIERINyE. 133

the late Mi\ E. C. Buxton in Swaziland, of ratlier smaller size than
usual (^ I in. 9 lin., $ i in. 8 lin.). The $ has the longitudinal
stripe of the fore-wing reduced and grey, while that of the hind-
wing is obsolete ; and the under side of the hind-wings is white.
The $ s cannot, in my opinion, be separated from the smaller examples
of Achine.

A dwarf $ in my collection is only i in. 6 lin. in expanse, while
two still smaller $ s expand respectively l in. 5 lin. and I in. 3 lin. I
captured these three examples at Knysna.

From Natal, Delagoa Bay, the TransvaaV and the Eastern South-
Tropical Interior, all the ^ examples I have seen have the under side
white or creamy-white, and several of those from the two tracts last-
named (as well as two of the $ s) exhibit a tendency towards the
very nearly allied Gavisa, Wallengr., in the nervules on the under side
being blackish close to the hind-margin.

This gaily-coloured Tcracohis is numerous, and generally distributed over
most of Eastern South Africa, but in the Cape Colony does not appear to extend
Avestward beyond the Oudtshoorn District. I have met with it freely at
Knysna, Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage, and near Grahamstown, and took the paired
sexes at the first-named place on iSth November 1858. In Natal it seems on
the coast to be replaced almost entirely by the doubtfully distinct but larger
and more heavily marked Gavisa, Wallengr. During the summer and early
autumn it is constantly to be found coursing actively along the edges of woods,
seldom penetrating for any distance among the trees or ranging far into open
"round.

Localities of Tcracolus Achine.

I. South Africa,

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts.— Oudtshoorn (— Adams). Knysna and Plet-

tenberg Bay.

b. Eastern Districts.— Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage. Ivowie River

Mouth (/. L. Fry), Kleinemond River {H. J. Atherstone), and
Tharfield {Miss M. L. Boicker). Grahamstown. King William's
Town (IF. S. D' Urban).

D. Kaffraria Proper.— Butterworth and Bashee River (J. II. Bowlcer).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — Verulani.

b. Upper Districts. — Weenen County (/. 31. Hatcldnson).
G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton.

II. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). '
K. Transvaal— Limpopo and Marico Rivers {F. C. Selous), and Junc-
tion of those rivers {A. W. Erilsson). Potchefstroom and
Lydenburg Districts ^T. Ayres).

1 I have not seen the types of T. fumidus, Swinhoe, from Transvaal ; but the figures and
descriptions (Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml, 1S84, pi. xl. ff. 4, 5, p. 442) of both sexes induce a
strong belief that the species in question has been founded on dwarf examples of Achine.
The expanse of fore-wings noted is ih inch.

134 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Oilier African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Dainaraland (/. A. Bell and tlie late C. J.

Andersson). " Angola (Pogge)." — Dewitz.
hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River (F. C. Selous). Between
JSTorth-West Transvaal and Gubulewayo (A. W. Erilisson).
Matabeleland {H. Barber). Zambesi: '^ Tette." — Hopffer.
Mombasa : " Lake Jipc (Kei'skn)." — Gerstiicker.

282. (IS.) Teracolus Gavisa, (Wallengren).

(^ '^ Anthocharis, " allied to yl. AcJtince," Angas, Kafirs. Illustr., pi. xxx. ff.

4[c?]. 5[?](i849)-
?$ Antliochans Exole, $, Reiclie, Eerr. et Gal. Yoy. Abyss., iii. pi. 31, ff.

5, 6 (1849).
^ Authopsgche Gavisa, Wallengr., K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl., 1S57; Lep.

Rhop. Caffr., p. 13, n. 6.
$ Anthopsijche OmpJiale, "Wallengr., luc, cit., p. 11, n. 2.
Antliocharis AcJiine, Trim, [part.], Rliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 48, obs.
^ Antliocharis Gavisa, Trim., op. cit., ii. p. 324, n. 218 (1866).
$ 5 Teracolus Gavisa, Butl. [part.], Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 150,

n. 80.
$ [and '?(J] Teracolus snhvenosus, Butl., Ann. and Mag. Kat. Hist., 5th

ser., vol. xii. p. 105 (1883).
$ [?iec $'\ Teracolus Sipylus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p.

445, pi xl.f. 12.
S Callosune Gavisa, Stand., Exot. Sclimett., i. pi. 23 (1884).

Exp. al., {$) I in. 9I liu. — 2 in. ol, lin. ; $ i iu. 9^-1 1^ lin.

Very intimately related to T. AcJiine, Cram.

$ Markings and pattern as in Achine, hut all the Hack borders
and hands broader and darker. Hind-wing : a continuous moderately
tvide hind-marginal black border, formed of the enlarged and confluent
nervular spots. Under side. — Neuration of fore-wing black beyond
middle, that of hind-wing black throughout, except main nervures for a
little distance from base. Hind-wing : creamy-white ; orange-yellow
mark immediately preceding terminal disco-cellular black spot more
or less prolonged iu direction of base ; from hind-margin to about
middle, a black line on inter-nervular fold between first median ner-
vule and submedian nervure.

$ Like Achine $, but black markings always very broad and
dark. Forc-iving : terminal disco-cellular spot sometimes merged in
the dark clouding extending from base ; spaces of whitish or yellowish
ground-colour considerably reduced. Hind-wing : spaces of ground-
colour reduced by enlargement of black markings to a moderate-sized
central patch, and a series of submarginal spots (of which the middle
two are more or less obliterated). Under side. — Hind- wing and outer
portion of apical patch of fore-wing strongly yellow-tinged (sometimes
with a greenish cast) ; black neuration as in $. Hind-ioing : angulated
discal ray well marked in diffused dull orange-yellow ; bright orange-

PIEKIN.E. 135

yellow mark preceding terminal disco-cellular spot usually larger tliau
in $, in one example much wider externally and prolonged almost to
Lase.^

It is with much hesitation that I accord Gavmi specific rank,
having in view the examples of both sexes of the variable Achine,
which exhibit a partial blackening of the ueuration as above mentioned.
It seems, however, to stand out as a prominent race, and perhaps may
breed apart from Achine, if we can judge by a single case of pairing
observed by Colonel Bowkcr at D'Urban in December 1879. In this
pair (sent to me by Colonel Bowker) the characteristic complete black
neuration of tbe under side is equally well marked in both sexes,

A typical specimen ($) of Wallengren's Gavisa was kindly lent to
me by Mr. Aurivillius, and it should be noted that it agreed with the
author's description {loc. cit.) in having the black neuration of the
under side limited to near the hind-margins, and in that respect more
resembled the intermediate examples which I have referred to Achine.

Gavisa seems limited to the eastern side of South Africa, the most
western locality I liave recorded for it being the right bank of the Kei River,
whence Colonel Bowker sent one of each sex in 1873. These two specimens,
though strongly black-veined beneath (tlie ^ especially), are less heavily black-
marked above, and the $ has the under side of the hind-wings tinged Avith
ochre-yellow.

I met with this form of Tcracolus not uncommonly in IvTatal, especially in
the neighbourhood of D'Urban ; it had the ordinary flight and habits of the
genus, and I observed it on the wing at the end of January and throughout
February and March. '-^

Localities of Tcracolus Gavisa.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colon)'.

b. Eastern Districts. — Fort Warden, Kei Eiver (/. H. BowJier).

D. Ivaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (J. H. Boickcr).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban, Pinetown (■/. H. Boiclicr). Tongaati

River. Little Noodsberg.
h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt {J. M. Hutcldnson).
Ct. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton.

K. Transvaal. — Junction of Limpopo and Marico Rivers (.4. TI'. Erilis-
8071). Lydenburg District (T. Ayres).

^ As Gerstiicker [Glicd. -Fauna dcs Sansibar-Gehietcs, Ins., p. 364) has noted, the ?
figured by Eeiche as that of his £xole {loc. cit.) undoubtedly belongs to the Achine group,
and I concur with Mr. Butler in thinking that it should be regarded as identical with the
? of Wallengren's Gavisa.

Having examined the types of Subvenosus, Butl., from Victoria Nyanza, I find the ?
inseparable from that of Gavisa, while tlie i , though very near the corresponding sex of the
species named, differs in wanting the inner black edging of the apical patch, and in the
feeble development of the inner-marginal blackish bar of the fore-wings and the costal one
of the hind-wings.

'^ Five examples sent to me from D'Urban by Mr. A. D. Millar are dated 17th Decem-
ber 1SS7.

136 SOUTH-AI'RICAN BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Ecgions.

A. South Tropical.

b. Eastern Coast. — "Zanzibar." — Swinhoe \Sipylus, S., $ ].
&i. Eastern Interior. — Between North- West Transvaal and Gubule-
wayo {A. W. Eriksson).

B. ISTorth Tropical.

hi. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia." — Reiche \_'^ Exole, R.].

283. (19.) Teracolus Antevippe, (Boisduval).

S $ Anilwcharis Antevippe, Boisd.,' Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 572, pi. 18, f. 3

[c?](i836).
$ Aphrodite Antevij^pe, Geyer, Forts. Hiibn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett., p. 37,

IF. p. 949-950 (1837)-
$ Anthocharis Antevipipe, Trim., PJiop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 48, n. 30 ; and (?)

p. 49, note (1862).
$ $ Teracolus Ithomis, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 146, n.

66, pi. vi. f. 8.
Teracolus Uarmonides, But!., loc. cit., p. 146, n. 167.
Teracolus Hij^pocrene, Butl., loc. cif., p. 147, n. 68.
Teracolus ignifer, Butl., loc. cit., p. 147, n. 69.

Bxp. al., {$) I in. 8 lin. — 2 in. ; ($) i in. 5 ^-10 lin.

^ White, with hright-rcd, slightly rosy-glossed apical patch, without
(or with extremely thin and faint) internal hlacJcish edging ; no longi-
tudincd hlaekish hand in cither wing. Fore-unng : terminal disco-cellular
spot very small and narrow ; lower portion of base narrowly blackish ;
apical patch very similar in colour and form to that of Achinc $, but
with the outer black border narrower and radiating more thinly on
the nervules, so that the inter-nervular rays of red are blunter ter-
minally ; costal black- edging as in Achine. Hind-iving : a narrow
blackish suffusion at base, more extended between median and sub-
median nervures ; nervular hind-marginal black spots small or very
small, more or less linear and acuminate inwardly, but wider outwardly
(rarely so wide that they almost touch). Under side. — Fore-wing :
terminal disco-cellular spot rather larger than on upper side ; apical
patch creamy-yellowish, more or less freckled with reddish-brown atoms
and striolse, — along its inner j^ortion a pale-orange suffusion almost de-
void of freckling. Ilind-iving : varying from creamy-white to creamy-
pinkish, always more or less freckled and striolated Avith brownish or
reddish-brown, — these markings being densest along costa near base,
and in, below, and beyond discoidal cell ; a small but distinct ter-
minal disco-cellular black dot, faintly edged or bordered with yellow
inwardly.

$ Pattern of Achine $, hut much less heavily mcwJccd with hlack,
especially in hind-iving ; apical patch of fore- wing with the coloured
portion varying from reddish-orange to pale-yellow, and with the tra-
versing black macular ray near its inner portion usually of moderate
width, but in some specimens broadened so as to form a border with no

riEKIX.E. 137

orange or yellow preceding it. Forc-iuing : disco-cellular vSpot larger
and rounder than in $ ; inner-marginal stripe moderately broad, vary-
ing from pale-grey to blackish, — its truncate extremity always blackish,
and often emitting a short thin upward streak,— its basal portion often
more or less thinly diffused over discoidal cell. Hind-idng : costal
stripe rather ill defined and diffused, — its blackish extremity almost
separate, elongate, forming the commencement of the ordinary angu-
lated discal ray, which is usually obsolete or obsolescent between second
subcostal and radial nervules, and sometimes so near inner margin also ;
basal dusky-grey suffusion usually filling greater part of discoidal cell,
and extending below it to beyond middle ; hind-marginal black spots
very variable in development, sometimes scarcely larger than in ^, but
usually much more so, — especially the three superior ones, which occa-
sionally coalesce into a short border. Under side.— Fore-ivi7ig : apical
patch darker than in $, being more densely freckled, the traversing
ray of the upper side reproduced in dusky grey ; base faintly tinged
with yellowish ; disco-cellular spot well defined ; inner-marginal sti'ipe
fainter and narrower, except at extremity. Hind-wing : pinkish-creamy
or yellowish-creamy, more closely striolated and freckled generally than
in ^ ; incomplete discal ray faintly indicated in brownish.

Larva. — Dull reddish-sandy above, with a broad dull-grey median
longitudinal stripe, interrupted on middle of each segment by a large
quadrate purplish-black spot. Sides superiorly w^hitish, lower down
greyish-sandy, and inferiorly (with legs, ventral surface, and head)
dark-brown. General surface very sparsely set with very short white
hairs. Dorsal surface minutely shagreened with raised whitish dots,
but also with a number of considerably larger and more prominent
deep gamboge-yellow dots, in transverse rows of six and two on each
segment.

(Described from a single specimen, advanced towards pupation, re-
ceived from Colonel Bowker in August 1887, which pupated on 25th,)

Pupa. — Very pale ochreous-yellow, with a slight reddish tinge
over all the lower surface. On back, a median and two lateral grey
longitudinal streaks, — each of the latter bounded interiorly by a yel-
lowish-white line ; between median and lateral streaks, on each side,
two rows of more or less distinct small blackish spots ; mixed with
these some minute greyish speckles. Wing-covers and leg-covers here
and there finely streaked with grey, the former with a row of minute
black dots near hind-margin. Abdomen inferiorly with a median and
two lateral dark-grey longitudinal streaks. Length, 9 lin. ; depth (from
back to bulge of wing-covers), 3 lin.

' (Described from two specimens received from Colonel Bowker
(D'Urban, Natal) in August 1887, resulting in ^ imagines on the
23d and 25th respectively.)

The pupa formed by the larva above described produced a $
imago on 14th September. It was more brightly and deeply coloured

138 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

than the two ^ ]}n])se, pale-yellow on the back, the dorsal median
streak purple, and most of the other streaks dull vinous-i-ed.

After careful comparison of a large number of South-African speci-
mens, and examination of the types of Mr. Butler's four species above
named, I have found no characters serving to distinguish the latter
from one another (except size), or the Southern Antcviiypc generally
from the Senegal one constituting Boisduval's type. This author
figures the upper side of a ^, showing no trace of any blackish on the
inner edge of the apical patch, but in which the hind-marginal spots
of the hind-wing are sufficiently enlarged to form a narrow continuous
edging. Geyer's figui'es (pp. cit.) of a ^ from the same country repre-
sent the same total absence of any inner blackish to the patch, but
differ in the more reduced and almost macular state of the outer black
edging ; while the hind-wing spots are much smaller and not united,
and the under side of the hind-wing has a decidedly pinkish-creamy
tinge.

In Mr. Butler's series, Ignifer is the largest, and the $ has a
slight blackish inner edge to the apical patch. It is to his " Var. ^ "
of this that are referable the specimens described by me as Antevipjoe
(op. cit.) in 1862; in them the inner edging referred to is better
expressed, and but for the entire want of the longitudinal blackish
stripe in both wings, they closely resemble the ordinary ^ Achine}
The specimens of ItJionus, Butl., seemed to me quite inseparable from
Ignifer except by their smaller size in both sexes ; Hippocrc^ie again
was represented by still smaller examples and a ^ with dull pale-
yellowish upper-side apical marking, and Harmonidcs by the smallest
of the series (exp. al. 1 in. 5 lin.).^

In October 1885 I received from Colonel Bowker the paired sexes, then
recently captured by him near D'Urban in Natal. The (J of this pair has no
blackish whatever along the inner edge of the apical red ; and the $ has the
apical orange-red well developed, witli the traversing macular blackish ray thin
and faint, while the discal ray of the hind-wings is almost obsolete. The
under-side iiroratiou is well developed in both (J and 9 •

There is nothing special about the habits of this Teracolus, which on the
wing resembles Achine. It was much scarcer than the latter when I was col-
lecting in the Knysna district of the Cape Colony, and I only fell in with it
eluring the month of November. On the coast of Natal it is evidently abun-
dant in tlie dry (winter) season. Colonel Bowker having collected a large
number, chiefly in the month of August ; ^ of which the ? s exhibit every
gradation of size, development of upper-side black markings, and tint of apical
patch. A few specimens w^ere sent from the Trans-Keian territory by Colonel
Bowker as long ago as 1861-63, and are still in the collection of the South-

1 Colonel Bowker has sent one example from D'Urban, Natal, which shows a still nearer
approach to Achine by possessing a very faint diffused sjjarse blackish irroration along the
inner margin of the fore-wings.

^ Judging from the figure {Exot. Schmctt, i. pi. 23, 1S84), Staudinger's Uavcrnkldi from
"Transvaal" is a small S of Antevippc,

^ One of two i s collected at "D'Urban by Mr. A. D. Millar is ticketed " 17th September
1S87," and the other " loth Febniary iSSS."

African IMuscuni ; the ^ s agree closely Avilli the examples above referred to us
belonging to the "A'ar. ^" of Mr. Butler's Ljnifer, but the two $s have the
macular Vay of the apical patch so expanded inwardly that no orauge-red pre-
cedes it.

Localities of Tcracolus Anievipj^c.

I. South Africa,

B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Knysna.

b. Eastern Districts. — Between Zwartkops and Coega Rivers, Uiten-

hage District (J. II. Boickcr). King William's Town District
{W. S. M. D' Urban).

D. Ivall'raria Proper. — lUitterworth and Bashce River (J. //. Bou-Jier).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— D'Urban (./. //. BoirLxr and the late M. J.

MKvn).

b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt and Weeneu County (./. M. Iluichiit-

son).

F. Zululand. — St. Lucia Bay (the late Colonel H. Tower).

G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton.

H. Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Manjues {Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland ( — Hutchinson). "Angola." — ■

Hoptfer.

bi. Eastern Interior. — Mashunaland {F. C. Sclous). " Tette." — ■

Hopffer.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — "Senegal." — Boisduval, Geyer, and Ilopffer.

b. Eastern Coast. — Red Sea: " Massowah (liafrau)." — Oberthiir.

White Nile {Petherick).— Coll Brit. Mus,

284. (20.) Teracolus Halyattes, Butler.

(J ? Teracolus Halyattes, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 145,
n. 65, pi. vi. f. 7.

ExjJ. al, (S) I ill- 2-5 lin. ; (?) i in. 5-8 lin.

$ White, luith rather large orange ajncal jJatch, divided into six by
dark nervules crossing it, — its outer blackish border moderately wide,
indenting orange a little on nervules, — its inner blackish border vari-
able in development, rather diffused, more or less obsolescent superiorly.
Fore-wing : no inner-marginal stripe ; base slightly blackish ; a ter-
minal disco-cellular black spot, always small, but varying in size. Hind-
wing : base slightly blackish ; a hind-marginal series of small nervular
spots. Under side. — Hind-unng and apical patch of fore-wing reddish-
creamy, irrcgidarly sprinkled ivith fuscous atoms. Forc-ving : a terminal
disco-cellular black dot. Hind-wing: on costa, not far from apex, a
small cluster of fuscous atoms ; a terminal disco-cellular black dot
internally bordered with orange.

140 SOUTH-AFEICAN BUTTERFLIES.

^ Much resembling a small example of Achine $. IVliite or
ycUoivish ; the orange of apical patch varying from dull-orange to dull-
yellowish or whitish, and traversed near its inner border by a strongly
marked black bar ; blackish longitudinal sti'ipes, and discal ray and
hind-marginal spots of hind-wing, moderately developed. Under side.
— Hind-iving and apical patch of fore-win^ much darker than in $,
closely hatched and irrorated with fuscous. Fore-iving : base more or
less strongly suffused with pale-yellow ; inner-marginal stripe dusky-
grey, darker at its extremity. Hind- wing : angulated discal ray mode-
rately developed.

This appears to be a distinct little species, combining some of the characters
of Theogone, Boisd., and Achine, Cram. I made the foregoing description from
the types in the British Museum, -which are the only specimens that I have
seen, and are noted as from tlie north-east of Natal, collected by the late Mr.
E. C. Buxton. The form and size of the apical patch and its bordering, and
the under-side colouring, in the $ are very similar to the same characters in
the (J Theogone; but the corresponding features in the $ approximate more
closely to those of Achine $ .

Locality of Teracolus Halyattcs.

I. South Africa.
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — "North-East" (the late E. G. Buxton).

285. (21.) Teracolus Evippe, (Linnoeus).

cJ Papilio Evippe, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. Reg,, p. 239, u. 58 (1764); and

Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 762, n. 87 (1767).
$ Papilio Arethtisa, Dru., 111. Nat. Hist., ii. pi. xix. ff. 5, 6 (1773).
(^ Papilio Evippe, Cram., Pap. Exot., i. pi. xci. ff. f, g (1779).
$ Papilio Arethusa, Cram., Pap. Exot., iii. pi. ccx. tf. e, f (1782).
cj Pieris Evippe, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 122, n. 10 (18 19).
5 Pieris Ami/tis, Godt,, loc. cit., p. 123, n. 14.

^ Anthocharis Evippe, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 573, n. 20 (1836).
$ Antiwcharis Arethusa, $, Boisd., op. cit., p. 582, n. 35.
5 Anthocharis Cehreiie, Boisd., op. cit., p. 583, n. 36.
cj $ Teracolus Pseudocale, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1876, p. 154,

n. 93, pi. vi. f. 10.
^ $ Teracolus Angolensis, Butl., loc. cit., n. 94.

Exp. al.., {$) I in. 7-10 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-8-| liu.

^ White, tvith apical pittteli of orange-red narrow, curved, very broadly
hlaek-bordcred, cspccicdly on its inner edge. Fore-wing : base sparsely but
usually widely irrorated with blackish ; costa narrowly black-edged
to about middle ; a distinct but thin terminal disco-cellular black dot ;
apical red divided into sis unequal portions by crossing black nervules,
— the second portion linear, very small, and the lowest often smaller
than the remainder ; outer black border of red broad and even, and
prolonged (usually more narrowly) to posterior angle, — inner black

riEKLX.E. 14T

border extremely broad, ruther diffused and irreg'ular along its inner
edge, joining outer border on second and first median norvules. Hind-
wing : basal fuscous irroration less extended than in fore-wing ; a series
of largo liind-marginal nervular black spots, usually uniting to form a
border of moderate width, sharply dentating the white on nervules ;
on costa, beyond middle, a moderate-sized blackish marking, between
costal nervtire and first subcostal nei'vure. Under side. — Wldtc.
Fore-icing: base rather widely suffused with pale sulphur-yellow;
disco-cellular spot usually better marked and rounder than on upper
side ; apical orange mucli paler and less defined, but considerably
broader than on upper side, its borders only very faintly indicated by
the palest grey and the outer one tinged with sulphur-yellow ; beyond
middle, between first median nervule and submedian nervure, a dif-
fused or faint blackish spot, sometimes obsolete. Hind-vAng : costa for
a little distance from base tinged narrowly with yellow, — sometimes
edged Avitli orange yellow ; a distinct terminal disco-cellular black dot,
with a conspicuous (sometimes large) bright-orange spot immediately
preceding and touching it ; rarely on costa, and still more rarely on
median nervules, some exceedingly faint traces of a discal ray. Minute
but distinct terminal nervular black dots in both wing's.

$ Yellowish-white or yellowish ; apical patch brownish-black, usually
uniform, but sometimes traversed hj a scries of three or four small dull
pcdc-orange or yellowish spots [almost obsolete in some specimens) a7ul more
rarely hy a well-developed six-partite pcdc-orange hand, mucli narrower
and more curved than in $. Forc-iving : basal suflfusiou closer and
wider than in $, and on inner margin about middle merged in an ill-
defined fuscous stripe, of which the extremity beyond middle is blackish
and truncate, and usually emits an upward projection ; disco-cellular
terminal dot rather larger. Hind-iving : basal suffusion very much
wider and closer than in ^, extending inferiorly to beyond middle, and
more narrowly along costa ; discal ray strongly blackish-marked at
costal origin, usually continuous, and also broadly and strongly marked
in its inferior portion ; hind-marginal blackish spots similar in size and
form to those of the more strongly marked $ s. Under side. — Foi'e-
wing sulphur-yellow, ivith broad dull p)(de-orange apical pcdeh ; hind-
wing varying from pale-yelloiu to deep ochrey-yellow and j^etle ochrcy-
reddish. Fore-unng : blackish spot indicating termination of inner-
marginal stripe well marked. Hind-wing : discal ray reproduced in
dull pale brownish-ferruginous.

The development of the apical black is very strong in this species ;
and I have a $ from Cape Coast Castle in which the orange-red patch
is quite obliterated by black below the lower radial nervule. Drurv
(whose figures are exceedingly inferior to most of his illustrations) and
Cramer both figure a $ in which the apical patch is wholly black except
for a slight reddish scaling along its inner edge, but Cramer's ^ is
more heavily marked, and with a much deeper tinted under side. The

142 SOUTn-AFRICAX LUTTERFLIES.

$ represented by Cramer exliibits a very strong orange-red edging all
along the costa of the hind-wings on the under side, but I have not
observed anything approaching this in the specimens I have examined.
After a very careful inspection and comparison of Mr. Butler's
types of T. Fscudocale and T. Angolensis (in i88i and again in i8S6),
I could find nothing (except the smaller size of the former) to distin-
guish the two from each other, nor was I able to regard them as dis-
tinct from the variable Uvi^^jJS. The ^ in both cases has in the apical
patch a narrow pale-orange five-partite band.-^

Evippe is the oldest recorded species of the genus, the $ liaving been
described by Linnaeus from Angola in 1764; and it is one of the comparatively
few TeracoU which are known from the West-African Coast north of the
]''quator, appearing to be very numerous on the Gold Coast and at Sierra Leone.
The only South- African examples that I have seen are those taken by the late
Mr. E. C. Buxton in Swaziland, and presented by him to the British IMuseum.
They consist oi a. $ , referred by ]\Ir. Butler to Arethusa, Drury, and three $ s
(two small) and two $ s (one small), which constitute the types of his Psmdo-
cale. In the coloured pliotographs sent to me by JNIr. Buxton there can be
distinctly recognised four (J s (two small) and a 5 of Evippe, and in his num-
bered list accompanying them all these examples are noted as from Swaziland.
I have no record of the haunts or habits of this butterfly.

Localities of Tcracolus Evippe.

L South Africa.

G. Swaziland.— (The late E. C. Buxton).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast.— Angola {E. C. Buxton).— CoW. Brit. IMus.

Congo (Ciirror). — Coll. Brit. jMus. " Cliinchoxo {Falkcnstein)."

— Dewitz.
hi. Eastern Interior. — "Tati, and between Inyati and Gubulewayo

(Ort^es)."— Westwood.

B. North Tropical. — Gold Coast ; Cape Coast Castle ( /. M. PasTc and

A. N. Lines). Accra and Ashanti. — Coll. Brit. Mus. " Lower
Niger (the late W. A. Eo)-hcs)." — Godman and Salvin. Sierra
Leone [Foxcroft, &c.). "River Gambia {Moloney)." — G. E.
Shelley.

286. (22.) Teracolus Omphale, (Godart).

S Pieris Ompiliale, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 122, n. 12 (1S19).
Antliocharis Ompliale, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 574, n. 22 (1836).
S Anthocharis Exole, Reiche, Ferr. et Gal. Voy. Abyss., pi. 31, f. 4 (1849).
$ Antlioiisyche Achine, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1857; Lep.
Rhop. CafFr., p. 11, n. i.

1 I think that Ocale, Boisd. [op. cit., p. 584, n. 37), of which only the ? is described, is
referable to Evippe; it is de.scribed as possessing a curved orange band of five or six divi-
sions in apical patch, but has the discal ray of the liind-wings more or less merged with the
hind-marginal black border. The specimens of both sexes referred to Ocale in the British
Museum collection (October 1SS6) seemed identical with Angolensis, Butl.

PIERIN.E. 143

$ Anthoimjclie Acfe^ Feld., Kciso Novara, Lop., ii. p. 187, 11. iSi (1867).
S ? Teracolus OniphaJe, Bull., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 151, n. S;^.
^ Callosune Acliine, Stauil., Exot. Schmctt., i. pi. 23 (1884).
Vau. (J 9 Teracolus Omj^halo ides and T. hijbridus, Eutl., Joe. a'f., pp. 151,

152, nn. 82, 86.
A'ar. (J $ Aiifhochan'^ Ompliah', Trim., llliop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 50, 11. 31

(1S62).

Exp. al., (^) I in. 7-1 I lin. ; ($) i in. 7- 10 lin.

$ White, with broadly UacJc-hordered orange-red {not rosy-glossed)
apical patch ; longitudinal black stripes dark and strongly dcvelojyed, as
well as loivcr portion of black disced ray in hind-wing. Fore-vjing :
terminal disco-cellular spot wanting, or extremely faint and minute
(except in one very large and blackly-mai-ked example, where it is
distinct) ; apical orange-red patch not subtriangular, but a broad curved
bar, variable iu width, divided into six unequal portions by crossing
black nervules, — its outer black border (prolonged to posterior angle)
moderately broad, even, only slightly indenting red on nervules, — its
inner border broad or very broad (except in some specimens near costa),
with a rather diffused inner edge slightly radiating on nervules ; costa
black-edged almost to base ; inner-marginal black bar very broad and
black, superiorly infringing a little on discoidal cell, usually ending
slightly diffusedly beyond middle, but sometimes united by blackish
scaling to black border at posterior angle. Hind-vnng : costal black
border strongly marked, slightly diffuse and irregular along its lower
edge, — at its extremity beyond middle a slight downward projection
indicating beginning of a discal ray ; beyond middle, inferior portion of
discal ray (between radial nervule and inner margin) forming a some-
what curved conspicuous broad bar ; a hind-marginal submacular black
border of moderate width, emitting short nervular rays, and more
or less completely united with discal bar on radial and third median
nervules. Undek side. — White; all the black markings of the wppcr
side faintly represented in a very pale grey shade. Fore-wing : costal
and hind-marginal border of apical patch (which is pale-orange) tinged
with pale-yellow so as to present a greenish tint ; terminal disco-cellular
dot present ; termination of greyish inner-marginal bar blackish. Hind-
wing : a very faint tinge of yellow along costal and hind-marginal
border gives a slight greenish cast like that shown near apex of fore-
wing ; disco-(5ellular terminal dot small, black, immediately preceded
by a rather -conspicuous mark of bright orange ; discal ray represented
by a pale ferruginous mark on costa beyond middle, and a narrow curved
streak of the same colour between radial nervule and inner margin ; a
hind-marginal series of nervular minute black dots.

^ Didler-ivhite, yellowish-^vhite, or yellowish ; apical patch consider-
ably narrower, orange or dull orange ; black markings generally broader,
but not so dark as in $. Fore-iving : disco-cellular dot usually well
marked ; inner-marginal black exceedingly broad, rising over more
than lower half of discoidal cell, touchino-, or almost touching, terminal

144 SOUTH- AFEIC AN BUTTERFLIES,

dot, and by a short upward diffused projection meeting very broad
inner border of apical patch on second median nervule ; in specimens
where inner-marginal black extends to posterior angle a white or yel-
lowish spot is isolated just below lower extremity of apical orange.
Hind-iving : upper part of discal ray prolonged to angulation on radial
nervule, lower part very much broader than in $, — the whole ray more
or less confluent broadly on nervules w4th hind-marginal macular black
border. Under side. — Hind-iving and cvpical harder of fore-wing more
or less strongly tinged with creamy yellow ; indication of dark upper-side
markings not so pronounced as in ^, except termination of inner-mar-
ginal band of fore-wing, which is blackish. Fore-iving : basal area
widely suffused with pale-yellow. Hind-iving : ferruginous discal ray
more strongly marked.

Variety A. $ and ^ (Omphaloidcs, Butler).

Exp. al, ($) I in. 5^-8 lin. ; ($) i in. 5-8 lin.

^ All the black markings more or less reduced, but especially the
lower portion of discal ray of hind-wing, which is never broad, often
diffused, and sometimes obsolescent.^ Under side. — Flind-wing and
ap)ical border of fore-tving more or less tinged with creamy-jnnk, — in the
darker specimens sparsely irrorated with brown atoms.

$ Black markings similarly reduced, as a rule, but variable ; in
some examples as strongly developed as in type-form. Under side. —
Pinkish tinge usually deeper but duller than in ^^ ; in some examples re-
placed by pale creamy-brownish; hind-wing faintly striolated with brown.

{Ilah. — Cape Colony and Delagoa Bay.)

I am unable to separate from this variety a series of still smaller
specimens which I captured at Robertson, Western Cape Colony, in
January of 1 876 and 1 877. The $s expand only I in. 3^-6 lin.,
and the ^ s i in. 5 lin. The former exhibit a complete gradation, from
one with black and well-developed longitudinal bands and a thin discal
ray in the hind-wing, to an individual in which all these markings are
wholly absent. Two similarly unhanded ^ s have reached me from
Namaqualand District and one from Carnarvon District. The $ s do
not differ in marking or colouring from the smaller ordinary ones of the
variety."

The Exolc $ of Reiclie {op. cit.) seems to me identical with the
larger and darker examples of the $ Omphcdc. My conclusion from
Wallengren's description {loe. cit.), that his Achinc $ was referable to
the $ Omphale, has been confirmed by the loan of a typical example
from the Stockholm Museum. After a careful comparison of the types
of Mr. Butler's Omphalo'ides and JTydridus — the ^ of the latter being
one of my own captures at Plettenberg Bay — I was unable to keep

^ In a single S which I captured at Plettenberg Bay all the black markings but the
borders of apical patch are wanting.

^ I believe that the only Teracolus I ever .saw on the wing at Cape Town was a <J of this
varietj'. It was flying in the Cathedral enclosure on the 14th December 1S7S ; but my
attempts to capture it with a pith helmet were without success.

PIERINyE. 145

them apart, or to find any distinct character to separate them from
Omphale ; and, indeed, Mr. Butler himself" (Juc. cit.) expresses some
doubt on the point.

I met witli the typical form very numerously at Port Natal, and with the
variety abundantly at I'lettenhcrg Bay and near Clrahamstown in the Cape
Colony. It keeps very closely to wooded spots, especially in country where
woods are sparse and stunted, and usually confined to small valleys or kloofs.
It is less swift on the wing than Achiiie, Cram., and settles more frequently,
never rising far from the ground. The largest and finest South-African speci-
mens are from Natal and the Eastern Transvaal, but I have taken at D'Urban
a ^ only i^ inches in expanse. This typical form of the species is not known
to me to occur to the westward of the Bashee River in Kafl'raria. It is remark-
able that both the typical form and the Variety A. occur at Delagoa Bay.

Localities of Teracolus Otnphcde.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.

a. "Western Districts. — [Van A.] Spectakel {L. Peririguey) and
Springbokfontein {G. A. Reynolds), Namaqualand District. Van
Wyk's Vley, Carnarvon District [E. G. Alston). Robertson.
Knysna {Miss Wenticorth). Plettenberg Bay,

h Eastern Districts. — [Var. A.] Port Elizabeth. Uitenhage.
Grahamstown. Kleinemond River (H. J. Atlierstone) and Thar-
field {Miss M. Bowlder), Bathurst District. East London {P.
Borchenh).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (/. H. Boiclcer).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Pinetown (/. H. Bou-lier).
h. Upper Districts. — Maritzburg {Miss Cole7iso). Estcourt (/. M.
Hutchinson).
G. Swaziland. — (The late E. C. Buxton.)
H. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco Marques {Mrs. Monteiro). — [Typ. and

Var. A.]
K, Transvaal. — Limpopo and INfarico Rivers {F. C. Sdous). Potchef-
stroom and Lydenburg District {T. Ayres).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

h. Eastern Coast. — "Mozambique." — Hopffer. [E.cole, Reiche.]

" Zanzibar {Raff ray).'" — Oberthiir.
hi. Eastern Interior. — Zambesi, " near Victoria Falls (Gates)." —

"West wood.

B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Gambia. — Coll. Hope, Oxon.
bx. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia." — Reiche.

287. (2.3.) Teracolus Theogone, (Boisduval).

S ? Anthocharis Theogone, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 575, n. 23 (1836)

[excL "Var. A."].
$ ? Teracolus Theogone, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S76, p. 152,

n. 87.
? Anthopsyche Proc7ie, AVallcngr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857; Lep.

Rhop. Caffr., p. 12, n. 4.
VOL. III. K

146 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTEEFLIES.

9 Anthocliaris Procne, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., ii. p. 323, n. 217 (1S66).
$ ? Temcolus Procne, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 153, n. 89.
S $ Teracolus Loandicus, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1871, p. 724

[(J only]; Lep. Exot., p. 91, pi. xxxiv. f. 10 [(J]; and Proc. Zool.

Soc. Loud., 1876, p. 153, n. 91 [S and ? ].

Exp. al, {$) I iu. 3-9I lin. ; ($) i in. 4-8^ liu.

Allied closely to T. Omphale, (Godt.), Var. A.

$ White, ivith orange-red ofapiccd patch hroad, hut narroivhj bordered
loith blackish, especially on its inner edge. Fore-ioing : base blackish,
the Buffasion chiefly inferior, usually extending for a little distance
inner-marginally ; rarely a narrow, somewhat diffused, blackish inner-
marginal stripe to beyond middle ; no terminal disco-cellular dot ;
apical red considerably luider in its upper part than Oniphales, the ner-
vides crossing it only black near the blackish borders, — the inner border
very much narrower than in Omphale, sometimes diffused, and occasionally
obsolescent, except in its middle. Hind-wing : base narrowly or very
narrowly suffused with blackish ; in those examples which possess an
inner-marginal stripe in fore-wing, a more or less imperfect similar
costal stripe ; hind-marginal nervular black spots small or very small,
— most developed in the blackish-striped examples. Under side. —
Very closely resembling that of Omphale, Var. A., but in hind-wing
the creamy -pinkish tinge is sometimes very faint or wanting, ivhilc the
irroration and minute striolation with dusky-brown is much stronger,
especially along costa and over lower half of discoidal cell.

$ Apical orange paler, but often brighter and tcsuaUy broader than
in $ Omp)hale, Var. A., — the nervulcs crossing it scarcely ever black beyond
the short external indentations, — its inner black edging visually well de-
veloped, but ending abruptly about third median 7iervule, leaving broad
ter^nination of orange band in co7itact with the white field on and bcloiu
second median nervule. Fore-wing : no terminal disco-cellular dot ;
inner-marginal blackish stripe very variable in development, but never
nearly so broad as in Omphale, Var. A., and often very narrow and
sub-obsolescent except at base and extremity. Hind-wing : costal
blackish usually faint and diffused except at base and extremity ;
discal ray interrupted widely below costal commencement, — its lower
portion not more developed than in $ Omphale, Var. A., — usually
narrow, and frequently obsolescent (rarely quite obsolete) below point
of angulation on radial nervule ; hind-marginal spots always small or
of moderate size, and (except rarely the three upper ones) quite sepa-
rate. Under side. — As in $, but fore-wing with a dusky indication
of both dark inner border of apical patch and inner-marginal stripe,
and hind-wing with closer and darker striolation, and usually more
strongly marked discal ray.

Aberration. — $ Aincal patch of fore-wing bright golden-yellow ;
its inner black edging strongly developed ; inner-marginal stripe
slightly developed.

PIERIN.E. 147

This beautiful " sport " resulted from a pupa forwarded in August
1 8 87 from D'Urban, Natal, by Colonel Bowkcr. The pupa was attached
to the base of the lanceolate leaf of a " small tree ; " it very closely
resembled that of T. Antcvippc, (Boisd.), received at the same time
(sec above, p. 137), but was of a deeper colour, and had a pale apical
space on the wing-covers.

Mr, Aurivillius, of the State Museum in Stockholm, kindly obtained
for me a carefully executed coloured figure of Wallengren's typo ($) of
Procnc ; it agrees very closely with those specimens from Natal and
Zululand in which the inner black border of the apical patch is most
developed.

The united sexes have twice been taken by Colonel Bowker, viz.,
at D' Urban, Natal, on 15th August 1878, and at Coega Railway
Station in the Uitenhage District of Cape Colony in October 1879.
The ^ s of these pairs are smaller than usual, and closely alike, except
that the D'Urban individual has a little more blackish inner-marginally
and less on inner edge of apical patch than the Coega one ; while in
the $ s just the reverse is the case, besides which the Coega ^ has
the lower part of the discal ray of the hind-wings more complete.
Small ^ s appear to occur more commonly than small $ s. I have
received about three times as many of the former as of the latter. The
smallest $ is from the Bashee River in Kaffraria, — the smallest ^ from
Delagoa Bay. I have not found any trace of the longitudinal blackish
bars in any of these under-sized $ s. The largest examples of both
sexes, and those in which the black markings — especially the inner
border of the apical patch in the $ — are best developed, are from
Natal, but very small ^ s have also been received from that Colony.

The characters emphasised in my description seem to warrant our
holding Thcogonc as distinct from its congeners. The width of the
apical red or orange, with the absence of black neuration crossing it,
and (in the $) the way in which the broad lower extremity of the
curved orange band meets the white field, are notable features.

The butterfly has a wide range over Eastern South Africa, and seems
particularly prevalent on the Natal Coast in the winter (dry) season. I took
the S at i)'Urban as early as the 8th April, and at Grahamstown, Cape
Colony, on the 5 th June.

Localities of Tcracolus Theogone.
I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage {S. D. Bairstoiv) and Coega {J. 11.

Boiclier), Uitenhage District. Gralianistown.
c. Griqualand "West. — Vaal River (/. //. Boirlcer).

D. Kaffraria Proper. — Bashee River (J. II. Boiclier).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Uuigeni (/. //. Boiclier).
h. Upper Districts. — Estcourt and Weenen County {J. M. Ilittclmi-
son).

148 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

F. Zululand.— St. Lucia Bay {H. Tower).
H. Delagoa Bay. — Loureiip.o Marques {Mrt^. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Potchefstrooni and Lydenburg Districts (T. Ayres).
Barber ton (/. P. Gloete).

II. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropica],

a. West Coast. — Angola : Quanza {J. J. Monteiro). — Coll. Brit.

Mus. ; "Loanda and Ambriz {Monteiro)." — Butler [Loandicus,
Butl.]. Congo : " Kinsembo {Ansell)." — Butler [Loandicus].

b. East Coast. — " Querimba." — HoplTer.

288. (24.) Teracolus Antigone, (Boisduval).

(J Antlwdiaris Antigone, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 572, n. 19 (1S36).

$ 5 Anthocharis Deliihine, Boisd., op. cit., p. 577, n. 28.

$ Antliopsyche Eacharis, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., 1857;

Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 15, n. 10 [nee $ ].
5 Anthocharis Antigone, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 52, n. :^t, (1862).
$ 5 Teracolus suhfumosus, Batl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 139,

n. 44, pi. vi. f. 3.
(J 5 Teracolus Flaminia, Butl., loc. cit., p. 140, n. 46.
$ ? Teracolus Lycoris, Butl, loc. cit., p. 140, n. 45, pi. vi. f. i.
^ 5 Teracolus Friga, Butl., loc. cit., p. 142, n. 48, pi. vi. f. 5.
$ $ Teracolus Gcdathinus, Butl., Inc. cit., p. 142, n. 49.
Var. $ (1 $ ) Teracolus Lycmis, Butl., loc. cit., p. 141, n. 47, pi. vi. f. 2.

Ex^. al., {t) I iii- 3-6 lin. ; (?) i in. o\-^\ liu.

^ JVJiite, with orange slightly jnnk-glosscd aiiical patch (marked infe-
riorly on its inner side hy a small Hack spot, — reduced in some examples
to two faint Uackish dots or one dot, and rarely altogether loanting) ;
Hack longitudinal stripes in some examples well marked and rather broad,
in others narrower and fainter, in others reduced to a very faint dif-
fused state, slightly darker at extremity, and sometimes obsolete altogether.
Fore-iving : basal blackish diffuse, extending chiefly along inner margin ;
costal, apical, and hind-marginal black border of apical orange narrovs^
or very narrow, but widening costally at beginning of orange, and
externally rather deeply and sharply piercing the orange on five or six
nervules ; hind-marginal border in the darker-banded examples emitting
on second median nervule a broader ray than the rest (which inferiorly
bounds the orange and unites with black spot on inner edge of latter),
but not continued to posterior angle except by separate black termina-
tions of first median nervule and submedian nervure, with occasionally
a smaller mark midway between them ; inner-marginal stripe at its
widest not encroaching on discoidal cell, its termination broad and
irregularly truncate ; in some of the more faintly marked specimens all
but the termination of this marking is next to obsolete, in others there
is but the faintest indication of the entire stripe, while in others only
the basal commencement exists. Hind-wing : costal stripe as variable
as inner-marginal one, and wholly wanting more frequently ; basal

riERIN.E. 149

blackish central, clifFusecl, usually very limited ; ncrvular hiuJ-iiiarginal
black spots (narrowed and acuminate inwardly) usually small (some-
times very small) and separate, but in the darker specimens larger,
rather diffused, and the upper three touching each other ; rarely a faint
diffused trace of lower part of discal blackish ray between radial nervule
and submediau nervni-e. Under side. — Fore-iving : white, occasionally
with a faint sulphur-yellow tinge at base ; a black disco-cellular ter-
minal dot ; apical patch varying from yellowish to reddish-creamy,
more or less irrorated finely with dark-grey ; its inner border rather
narrowly dull pale -orange, marked out from the broad outer por-
tion of patch by an ill-defined (sometimes scarcely traceable) greyish
submacular ray. Hind-ivlng : whitish, sandy-whitish, yellowish, or
reddish-creamy, more or less irrorated (and occasionally in parts also
slightly striolated) unequally with dark-grey ; discal ray very feebly
expressed by a dusky mark on costa beyond middle, and another on
disc between third and second (or sometimes as far as first) median
nervules ; costa from base to beyond middle edged with orange or pale
orange, sometimes rather faint ; a terminal disco-cellular black dot,
bounded internally by a small (sometimes very small and faint) orange
mark.

$ iriiite or yclloiuish-iuliitc (rarel!/ 2^a^c-ijdIou^; apical X'atch tvith
the orange jJalcr and narrower than in $ ; traversed superiorly {near its
inner edge) and hounded inferiorly hy a Uach curved ray of variahh
development, and bordered more broadly by black outivardly, or ivith the
orange replaced by a much-reduced (sometimes almost obsolete) scries of
dull-yelloivish or dull-creamy separate marJcs. Fore-iving : inner-mar-
ginal blackish stripe more or less mixed with grey except at extremity,
diffuse superiorly, in the most strongly-marked examples very slightly
encroaching on discoidal cell near base, sometimes very narrow and
faintly marked, rarely obsolete from a little before middle ; a well-
marked usually conspicuous, rounded, terminal disco-cellular black spot.
Hind-wing : costal stripe as variable in darkness and development as
inner-marginal stripe of fore-wing (in one example obsolete) ; discal
ray also variable, but its lower portion usually well-expressed and
sometimes rather broad ; hind-marginal black almost always larger
than in ^, and usually united to form a border (broader superiorly),
emitting strong nervular dentations, of which the middle two or three
sometimes meet discal ray. Under side. — Hind-n-ing and ajncal patch
of fore-iving cdways yellowish or reddish-tinged, duller than in $, being
usually more closely and evenly irrorated with dark-grey. Fore-wing :
basal sulphur-yellow always more developed, sometimes very wide ;
pale- orange on inner border of apical patch traversed (and in some
specimens more or less obliterated) by a dusky-blackish ray ; inner-
marginal stripe always fainter than on upper side. Hind-unng : discal
ray exceedingly variable in development, sometimes barely traceable,
or presenting only the portions shown in ^, but often dark, and want-

150 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

ino- only the thin part between first subcostal and radial nervules, and
occasionally complete but macular.

AberratiOxV. — $ Apical imtcU not orange, hut sericeous jnnlcish-
grey, with a thin line of dull-orange along its inner edge, and also on
costa and third subcostal ncrvule ; inner black spot of apical patch very
small ; no longitudinal blackish stripes ; under-side tint creamy, rather
densely irrorated with dark-grey.

Jlal. — Estcourt, Natal (/. M. Hutchinson).

I think that there can be no doubt, on carefully comparing the
descriptions given by Boisduval, of the species-identity of his Antigone
and Delphine, the former being a West- African ^, with the longitudinal
dark stripes very faintly marked and the under side of the hind-wings
whitish, and the latter the more prevalent South-African ^ and $, with
reddish-creamy under side of hind-wings, — the $ without, the $ some-
times with, the longitudinal dark stripes.

I have been enabled to identify the Eucharis $ of Wallengren with
this species by means of a coloured drawing of the type-specimen
kindly obtained for me by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius. It is a <^ in which
all the blackish markings of the upper side are very small and attenu-
ated, but there exists an extremely faint inner-marginal spot indicating
the termination of the longitudinal stripe of the fore-wings, while the
under side of the hind-wings is creamy with partial dark irroration and
a costal spot indicating the commencement of the discal ray. I possess
an almost identically marked $ from Estcourt in Natal, only wanting
the inner-marginal spot in the fore-wings.

The most painstaking examination— in i88i, and renewed in
1 8 86 — of the types of Mr. Butler's six species above named has
brought me to the conclusion that they are really inseparable from
each other and from Antigone, Boisd., being founded on individual
variations prevailing in both sexes in respect alike of size, marking,
and colouring. As regards the $ s, there is a regular gradation from
Suhfurnosus, which has no trace of dark longitudinal stripes, through
Flaminia, Lycoris, and Friga, to Galathinus, in which those markings
are well developed ; and Lyceus, though larger and with fainter stripes,
is quite of the Galathinus character. The specimens of $ s respectively
assigned to the (^ s of this series cannot be clearly discriminated, vary-
ing too much to bo with any consistency grouped in any order corre-
sponding with that of the ^ s. All the specimens on which these six
presumed species are founded were collected by the late Mr. E. C.
Buxton in Swaziland.

The specimens in which the blackish stripes are best developed
certainly exhibit close resemblance to Fhlcgetonia, Boisd., and it seems
not improbable that eventually the latter will be ascertained to be
conspccific with the series included under Antigone.

I have only once met with this widely-distributed Teracolus, which appears
to be less numerous than Pldegetonia in the eastern tracts of South Africa,

riERIN-ZE. 151

but a good many examples have reached mc from correspondents in various
quarters. At Grahamstown and Uitenliago in the Cape Colony, D'Urban in
Natal, and Louren^o Marques (Delagoa ]>ay), as well as in Swaziland, and in
the Lydcnburg District of Transvaal, varying grades of it occur, together with
the darker rhlefjetonia.

Localities of Tcracolus Antigone.

I. South Africa.
13. Cape Colony.

h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage {S. D. Bairstnw and J. II. Borvlier).
Grahamstown. Fish llivcr, Albany District {Mrs. Barber).
King AViUiam's Town (IF. S. M. D'Urban). Bedford (J. F.
Mansel Weak).
E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban (-/. //. Bou-hr).

b. Upper Districts. — Estcourt and Bushman's River, Weenen County

(J. M. Hutchmson).
C. Swaziland.— The late E. C. Bu.don.
IT. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenco JSIarques {Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). Limpopo River {F.

C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — " Guinea." — Boisduval.

61. Eastern Interior. — Soudan: " Atbara River." — Butler. 1

289. (25.) Teracolus Phlegetonia, (Boisduval).

$ Antliocharis Phlegetonia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. 576, n. 25 (1836).
"S'ar. c^ Antliopsijche F/ilegetonia, Wallengr., K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Haudl.,

1857; Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 13, n. 5.
Anthocliaris Fhlegctonia, Hopftl, Peters' Reise Mossamb., Ins., p. 360 (1862).
Var. $ $ AntJiocharis Eione, Boisd., loc. cit., p. 578, n. 29.
Anthocliaris Dclplune, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 53, obs. and note

(1862).
Tcracolus Eione, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 144, n. 54.

Exp. al, {$) I in. 3-6 lin. ; ($) i in. — I in. 6 lin.

$ JVliite, with Iright-orange slightly pinTc-glossed apical patch (inarJccd
inferiorly on its inner side hy a Mack spot) ; black longitudinal stripes
{especially that of forc-iuing) very broad. Fore-iving : usually a more
or less distinct terminal disco-cellular black dot ; orange apical patch
wide superiorly and touching white field, but abruptly narrowed infe-
riorly by inner rather large outwardly-excavate black spot ; costal
black border of orange rather wide at beginning, then narrow, but
widening again before apex ; hind-marginal black border rather wide,
radiating on all nervules, deeply and sharply indenting the orange on
five of them, and on and below second median nervule bounding inferior
extremity of orange by a broad ray that unites with black internal spot
of patch, and sometimes difFusedly touches upper corner of extremity
of inner-marginal black stripe ; this stripe very broad, its upper edge

152 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

rather diffused, and near base extending a little into discoidal cell, its
extremity broad and more or less truncate. Hlnd-iving : base rather
widely blackish except on inner-marginal border ; a wide costal black
stripe, a small downward projection of its extremity marking commence-
ment of discal ray ; this ray linear or obsolete as far as radial nervule,
but inferiorly broad, black, diffused internally, but externally more or
less completely confluent with a wide hind-marginal black border radi-
ating deeply on nervules, so as to leave nothing more than four nar-
row white rays or white lines on inter-nervular folds. Uinder side. —
Forc-iving : base sometimes slightly tinged with sulphur-yellow ; apical
orange well developed, rarely with the faintest trace of inner dark spot,
externally bordered (very broadly apically) with pale sulphur-j^ellowish ;
disco-cellular terminal dot always distinct ; inner-marginal stripe grey,
with extremity blackish. Hind-wing : white, yellowish-white, or dull-
creamy ; costa conspicuously orange-edged from base to beyond middle ;
a disco-cellular terminal black dot, in contact anteriorly with a much
larger pointed orange spot ; a very faint shade indicating position of
costal stripe of upper side ; discal ray and hind-marginal border also
usually scarcely indicated, but the former sometimes better expressed
(especially at its costal origin), and in a few specimens diffusedly marked
in brownish-red or pale-ferruginous. In both wings a terminal nervular
series of minute but veiy distinct black dots.

^ IVIiite, or ycllowish-ivhitc ; orange of cqnccd patch exceedingly vari-
able in extent, — in some examples almost as in $, except for a very faint
and narroio traversing series of dushy nervular marks, — more often
reduced to a narrow curved hand only partly invading a broad inner
hlackish border, — still more diminished to a centred series of three to five
separate very dull ixde-orange, yellowish, or even whitish, spots in a black
apical patch, — rarely wholly obsolete, leaving thepcdch dusky -blackish only.
Fore-wing : disco-cellular terminal spot much larger than in ^, and
almost always touching inner-marginal black stripe, which is broadei',
and almost fills discoidal cell, — its superior terminal portion projecting
so as to join inner border of apical patch on second median nervule.
Hind-wing : basal blackish extending thinly beyond cell as far as lower
part of discal ray ; costal stripe as ii\ $ ; a small, but usually quite
distinct, terminal disco-cellular black dot ; discal ray complete from
its costal origin, and usually more distinguishable from hind-marginal
border than in ^, the white inter-nervular rays being broader, and
sometimes themselves confluent. Under side. — Much duller and deeper-
tinted them in ^ ; hind-unng and apex of fore-wing varying from dull
greyish-creamy or yellowish-creamy to reddish-creamy , sparsely irrorated
with dark-grey ; markings similar to those of $, but stronger. Fore-
wing : apical orange very variable, usually much narrower and fainter
than in ^, never wholly absent ; a dusky streak traversing it near its
inner border.

A typical specimen (^) of Wallengren's Pldegetonia, kindly lent

riERIN.'E. 153

from tlie Stockholm Museum by Mr. Chr. Aurivillius, agrees with Wal-
lengren's description {loc. cU.), aiul with a ^ from Delagoa Bay and
another from Transvaal, in wanting altogether the white inter-nervular
streaks usually marking the coniluent discal ray and hind-marginal
border of the hind-wings, so that a very broad uniform black border
covers the lower two-thirds of the outer part of those wings. Mr.
J. L. Fry has sent me a $ similarly marked from Tati.

I am unable to distinguish Eoisd aval's Eiouc from his Phlegetonia,
the only characters noted in his descriptions being the smaller size and
greyish-yellowish under side of the former, — features highly variable,
and presenting every gradation.

Mr. Butler {Joe. cit., pp. 1 43-144) identifies rUcgetonia, Boisd., with
Antigone, Boisd. {Sp. Gen., p. 572), but the description of the latter
(only the $ is described) as having ou the upper side " la hase ct la
commissure U'gcrcmcnt saupoudrees dc gris" and as regards the hind-
wino-s, simply " une hordure noire creneUe," indicates a different insect
from the heavily black banded and bordered Phlegclonia ; although it
must be admitted (as stated under T. Antigone) that the darkest
examples do nearly approach Phlegetonia in marking.

This is one of the most striking of the smaller species of Teracohis, tlie
relatively large size of the orange patch and the depth and extent of the black
markings rendering it very conspicuous. I found it very seldom during my
stay in^Natal, but abundantly in the scrub bush at Uitenhage, Cape Colony.
It is an active insect, but not swift, and flics close to the ground, appearing in
the height of summer (January to March). Near Graliamstown I also met witli
the species, and on the 12th February 1870 captured the united sexes. In
this pair neither sex had the black markings at their highest development, and
the well-marked apical orange of the $ partly penetrated the upper part of its
broad inner blackish border. In another pair, taken in copidd by Colonel
Bowker near the Upper Tugela on 2d April 1880, the S has heavy dark mark-
ings, but the $ is scarcely more heavily marked than the darkest ? s of Antigone,
and has the apical orange superiorly almost as in the ^ , the usual dark inner
border being reduced to a series of dusky nervular marks well within the orange. 1

Localities of Teracolus Fhlegetonia.
I. South Africa.
13. Cape Colony,

b. Eastern Districts. — Uitenhage. Grahamstown.

D. Kaflfraria Proper. — Bashee River {J. H. Bowker).

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts. — D'Urban. Verulam.

h. Upper Districts. — Greytown. Valley of Tugela and Mooi Rivers
(/. H. Bowker).
G. Swaziland. — The late E. C. Buxton.
H, Delagoa Bay. — Louren^o Marques {Mrs. Monteiro).
K. Transvaal. — Lydenburg District {T. Ayres). Marico and Limpopo
Rivers {F. C. Setous).

1 A very fine ? , sent from Weenen County in Natal by Mr. J. M. Hutchinson, consider-
ably surpasses that here noticed as regards the width of the apical orange and the faintness
of the traces of the inner dark border of the orange, but presents, on the contrary, all the
great black markings in their highest development on both wings.

154 SOUTH- AFRICAN" BUTTERFLIES.

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. "Western Coast. — Daruaraland (J. A. Bell and the late C. J.

A?iders,S(m).
hi. Eastern Interior. — Tauwani River (F. C. Seloiis). Between

Transvaal and Gubulewayo (A. W. Erik$so7i). Tati (/. L. Fry).

Zambesi : " Tette."— Hopfier.

B. North Tropical.

a. "Western Coast. — " Accra ( (7a ?-^c'r)." — Butler. "Senegal." — Bois-

duval.
hi. Eastern Interior. — Abyssinia: " Slioa {Antinori) and Bogos

{Beccari)." — Oberthlir.

290. (2G.) Teracolus Microcale, Butler.

(J 5 Teracolus Microcale, But!., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xviii.
p. 487 (1876).

Ux2^. al., ($) I in. 6 liu, ; ($) i in. 3! lin.

$ Wlhite, ivith rather large orange apical 2Mtch bordered rather ividcly
througliout with hlacldsh. Fore-wing : base rather broadly irrorated
with blackish ; apical orange of six divisions, being outwardly deeply
pierced by black nervules. Hind-ioing : a series of rather large blackish
nervular hind-marginal spots, of whicla the three npper ones are con-
fluent. Ua'DER side. — White. Forc-inng : a terminal disco-cellular
black dot ; apical orange of upper side showing faintly through. Ilind-
iving : a terminal disco-cellular black dot attached to a preceding small
orange spot.

^ Similar, smcdler ; luith apical orange narrow, curved, open at its
lower extremity so as to touch white field heneath third median nermde.
Iliiid-ioing : hind-marginal spots smaller, more separate. Under side.
— Hind-wing and apical pcdch of forc-iving creamy tinged with yellowish,
rery thinly irroredcd ivith Ironmish. Forc-tving : base tinged with pale
sulphur-yellow. Hind-vjing : a faint trace of a brownish discal elbowed
bar across median nervules.

This little species comes perhaps closer to the Eoippe group than any other,
and is noticeable for the wide even dark bordering of the apical patch on all
sides. Neither sex has any longitudinal black markings in either wing. Mr.
Butler founded the species on a (J and a $ from the Atbara (Soudan), and my
description is made from those type specimens and from a second 5 > ticketed
" Orange River," placed with the others in the British ]\Iuseum collection. I
did not ascertain who had signified the locality of the last-named example, but
I could detect no difference of any importance between it and the type $ .

Localities of Teracolus Microccde.

I. South Africa.

B. Cape Colony.— Orange River. — Coll. Brit. Mus.

ir. Other African Regions.
B. North Tropical.

hi. Eastern Interior. — Soudan: Atbara River.— Coll. Brit. Mus.

PIERIN/E. 155

291. (27.) Teracolus Lais, Butler.

S Teracolus Lai.^, Bull., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S76, p. 145, n. 64.

Riy. al., {$) I in. 4-4^ liu. ; {%) i in. 4-7 lin.

^ IFIiite, with rather sinall dull orange-yellow apical imtch Uaclcish-
hordcred hath internally and externally. Fore-wing : costa with a very
fine linear black edging ; base narrowly and very sparsely powdered
with blackish ; a well-defined terminal disco-cellular black dot ; apical
orange bordered internally rather widely with blackish (which in type
is even throughout, but in a second specimen becomes rather thin and
diffused between third and second median nervules), and externally by
narrower border, piercing the orange to some depth on nervules, and
itself pierced by four or five inter-nervular acuminate rays of the orange,
and ending about second median nervule. Hind-wing : sparse basal
powdering rather more extended than in fore-win^^ ; a hind-marginal
series of six moderate-sized or small separate nervular blackish spots.
Under side. — Rind-wing and apiccd patch of fore-wing creamy-iohite,
finely irrorated with fuscous. Fore-wing : terminal disco-cellular dot
larger, well defined ; a very faint indication of apical orange and its
dark inner border. Ilind-wing : costa edged with orange-yellow for a
little distance from base ; a terminal disco-cellular black dot, bounded
internally by a small bright orange spot ; nervular hind-marginal black
dots very minute.

$ Apiccd orange-yclloio patch narrow, much curved, six-p)artite (un-
equcdhj) by very fine Uach nervules, much more hroadly hlachish-hordercd
interncdly and extcrncdly than in $ ; in each wing an imperfect longi-
tudincd Uackish stripe, and in hind-iuing cdso an irrccjular clhoiced disced
Uackish ray. Fore-ioing : basal area finely irrorated with blackish (in
one example also tinged with sulphur-yellow) ; inner-marginal blackish
broad, somewhat greyish, and diflused, except at its extremity not far
beyond middle (where it emits a faint thin upward ray) joinino- inner
border of apical patch ; terminal disco-cellular spot large, sub-ovate ;
outer border of apical patch broad, not deeply indenting the orange,
and not pierced by the latter, ending abruptly on or just below first
median nervule ; the two borders unite rather broadly on second median
nervule. Hind-wing: basal irroration sparse, but widely extended
inferiorly; costal stripe broad, rather faint, excejot at its abrupt ter-
mination ; a small but distinct terminal disco-cellular dot ; discal
elbowed ray narrow, irregularly angulated, fainter superiorly, and be-
coming obsolete towards inner margin; a rather wide hind-marginal
blackish border, continuous from apex to second subcostal nervule
(where it is connected with elbow of discal ray), but thence with inter-
nervular interruptions and becoming obsolete not far from anal angle.
Under side. — Hind-iving and apical patch of fore-wing very pah
creamy-yellowish or dull creamy, very finely irrorated icith fuscous.
Fore-u-ing : basal area faintly suffused with sulphur-yellow, but without

156 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

fuscous iiToratiou above median iiervure ; inner-marginal stripe fainter
than on upper side, but its terminal upward ray well marked, and
(more faintly) continued to near costa by diffused macular inner border
of apical patch ; disco-cellular spot well developed ; oi^ange of apical
patch veiy faintly indicated. Ilind-vjing : only a very faint indication
of elbowed discal ray.

Variety A. {$ and $).

$ Larger {cxp. cd., i in. /-^-^ lin.), tvith orange-yclloiu apical patch
someichat redder hut duller in tint, and its inner blackish border much
narroirer and more diffused. Fore-uing : disco-cellular dot smaller.
Ilind-iving : hind-marginal nervular spots very small.- Under side. —
Hind-uing and apical patch of furc-iving very pale reddish-creamy, irro-
ratcd more closely than in type-form.

$ Exp. al., I in. 6-y lin. Pattern as in type-form ; but apical
orange-yellow in one example represented only by a few scales, and in
the other by a diffused ill-defined ray of three spots in the middle of a
dusJcy blackish 'paich. Under side. — Hind-wing and apical patch of
fore-wing paler and duller than in typical ^.

(Hab. — Vaal Eiver, Griqualand West.)

The $ of this very distinct species has some resemblance to Klug's
figures of his Ephyia, from Ambukohl {Syrnh. Fhys., pi. vi. ff. 9, 10),
but presents a smaller apical patch and an irrorated under side. In
both these characters it approaches T. Bowkeri, Trim, (see p. lOo), but
differs in the much deeper, warmer colour of its apical patch with its
narrower and fainter inner blackish border. In this last feature it is
not unlike Agoye, Wallengr., ^, but wants the conspicuous upper-side
black neuration and irroration of the latter. As regards the ^, Lais is
altogether different from the two South-African congeners just named,
that sex having the upper-side pattern and facies partly of Antcvippe,
Boisd., $, and partly of Antigone, Boisd., $, whereas the ^ s of Agoye
and Bowkeri are wholly, or almost wholly, devoid of the characteristic
dark stripes and rays.

The variety above described co-exists with the type-form on the
Vaal River, and may possibly be a seasonal form of the latter.

Very few examples of tins butterfly liave come under my notice. The type
{&. S) in the British Museum is ticketed "Orange River," and registered as
collected by " C. H. Pilcher, 1872." A $ from Damaraland was sent to me
for determination by Mr. Aurivillius in 1S81, and a $ and 5 taken on the
Vaal River were presented to the South-African Museum by Mr, H. L. Feltham
during the current year (1888).

Of the Variety A., four examples (two of each sex) were taken by Colonel
Bowker on the Vaal River in 187 1, but no note accompanied them except the
general one (since confirmed by Mr. Feltham), that in that tract of country all
the TeracoU were almost confined to the immediate vicinity of the river.

PIERIN.E. 157

Localities of Teracolus Lais.

I. South Africa,

B. Cape Colony. r^ ,, t> ■

1 b. Eastern Districts.— Orange lliver {C. II. rilcher).— Loll J^rit.

Mus.
c. Gri.iualand West.— A^aal River (/. //. Bowker—Yav. A.; and
//. L. Feltham).

11. Other African Regions.
A. South Tropical.

a. "Western Coast.— Damaraland (De Vylder).

292. (28.) Teracolus Celimene, (Lucas).

$ $ Anthocharls Celimene, Lucas, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 2nd Ser., iv. p. 426

(1852).
$ 9 Anthocharis Amina, Hewits., Exot. Butt., 111. pi. 5, ff. 1-3 (1S66).
$ Callosune Amina, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 23 (1884).

Exp. al, {$) I in. 7-9i Hn. ; (?) i in. 10 liu. _
^ White, with very large dull picrplish-lake, violet-glossed, Uach-
hordered apiccd pateh, intersected hy a black streak. Fore-wing: base
and costal margin before middle narrowly and sparsely powdered with
blackish ; a very faint indication of the terminal disco-cellular black
dot of the under side ; costa with a linear black edging as far as begin-
ning of apical patch ; nervulcs crossing apical piatch heavily clouded with
Hack, especially externcUly, dividing the purple into seven {rarely eight)
uneqtial raigs, the hind-marginal tips of six of tvhich (between apex and
first median nervule) are acuminate and conspicuously p)ale S7ilphur-
yclloio; costal and hind-marginal black borders of apical patch very
narrow, but the latter suddenly broadening at (or rarely below) first
median nervule, where it unites with the narrow rather irregular and
(internally) diffused inner black border of patch, and whence the united
borders continue to posterior angle; black streak traversing patch
nearer inner than outer edge, running a little obliquely outward from
costa as far as third median nervule, but thence deflected inwardly and
joining inner black border on second median nervule. Ilind-wing : a
hind-marginal black border of moderate width, emitting inwardly ner-
vular dentations, gradually narrowing from apex to anal angle, and
enclosing near its outer edge a series of five (rarely six) small sub-
rhomboidal inter-nervular white spots, lessening in size as the border
narrows; base very sparsely and narrowly powdered with blackish,
which extends a little along both sides of median and submedian ner-
vures; before and beyond middle respectively, the two dark oblique
sub-transverse streaks of the under side are faintly visible. Under side.
— Eind-wing and outer apiccd hind-marginal area of fore-wing varying
from cream-colour to pale sulphur-yellow ; ncuration across apical patch

158 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

of fore-iving, and in hincl-iij'uig from hcforc middle, 'palc fern(<jinous-
reddish ; hind-margins edged tliroughout by a fine line of black. Fore-
wing : intersecting streak of apical patch more macular and conspicuous
than on upper side, but sometimes brownish superiorly ; immediately
preceding it a short hroad bar of j^ale vcrmilion-red with a tinge of
pinh ; parallel to hind-margin a reddish-brown streak (sometimes
indistinct on radial nervules) extending from costa to first median
nervule, where it becomes broader and blackish, and ends in a blackish
space, externally marked by two small yellowish spots immediately
above posterior angle ; hasc toith a hroad siiffitsioii of orange-yellow,
filling basal half of cell and extending to costal nervure, but not (or
very faintly) below median nervure ; a minute terminal disco-cellular
blackish dot. Hind-icing : nervures faintly clouded with blackish for
a little distance from base ; a conspicuous but rather diffused slightly
sinuated blackish streak running obliquely from costa considerably
before middle to between first median nervule and submedian nervure
rather beyond middle ; another highly irregular, often fainter or browner
streak, from costa scarcely beyond middle to third median nervule far
beyond middle, — there sharply broken, but resumed indistinctly nearer
origin of same nervule, and prolonged obliquely to inner margin just
before anal angle ; a submarginal brown streak as in fore-wing, but
much broader, and so radiating outwardly on the reddish nervules as
to shut off five large internally-rounded hind-marginal spots of the
ground-colour ; a wide edging along costa from base to middle, a mark
between costal and subcostal nervures, a short longitudinal disco-cellu-
lar streak (with a small ill-defined terminal spot), a long streak from
base to anal angle above submedian nervure, and a short (sometimes
indistinct) one below it, — all bright orange-yellow.

$ Apical 2^atch inferiorly broader than in $, blade, with only the
very faintest trace of purple-lalce on upper part of its inner side, hut
traversed centrally hy a curved row of five yellowish-white spots (of which
thd two loiccr are in one example very smcdl and indistinct). Fore-ioing :
basal irroration wider than in ^ ; a distinct terminal disco-cellular dot ;
hind-marginal series of inter-uervular acuminate pale sulphur-yellow
spots larger. Hind-wing : hind-marginal border broader. Under side.
— Quite as in $, but slightly paler.

In the $ the apical portion of the fore-wings is much produced,
and the hind-margin thus slightly convex from the apex as far as third
median nervule, but thence slightly hollowed as far as first median
nervule ; and the anal-angular portion of the hind-wings is also, but
less markedly, produced. In the $ these peculiarities of outline are not
nearly so pronounced.

Lucas's description of the Abyssinian type agrees too closely with
Hewitson's Amina, from the Zambesi, to admit of the recoguition of the
latter as a distinct species. Wallengren's PholoU ( Wien. Ent. Monatschr.,
i860, p. 35), from Lake Ngami — with which my Phoenon (Trans.

riERIN/E. 159

Ent. Soc. LoiuL, 3nl Ser., i. p. 522, 1863), from Damaralaiul, is iden-
tical — seems entitled to species rank. Only the $ of this butterfly is
known,^ and I have not seen any example except the two on which
(in ignorance of Wallengren's diagnosis) I proposed the species Phomon.
Compared with Cdimene, these examples of Pholoe are much smaller
{cxp. al. I in. 6 lin.) ; the apical patch is duller, with less crimson in
its tint, with all its black borders and neuration, as well as the inter-
secting streak, duller and narrower ; the disco-cellular dot is distinct
on the upper side of the fore-wing, while the hind-wing has no black
border, but merely a thin blackish lino on hind-marginal edge as far
as second subcostal nervule and the extremities of four nervules clouded
with black (the first median nervule and the submedian nervure being
unmarked). On the under side the ground-colour is paler, nearly
white ; the neuration clouding yellower ; in the fore-wings, the basal
orange-yellow is more extended and deeper ; the disco-cellular dot
enlarged ; and the red on inner side of apical patch duller, paler,
without tinge of pink, and very much reduced, being almost obso-
lete above lower radial nervule ; while in the hind-wings the two sub-
transverse strias are duller and yellower and less irregular — the outer
one especially being not nearly so widely disjoined on third median
nervule.

As far as at present known, Tliolol may be regarded as the Western repre-
sentative of the East- African Gelbnene.

The latter appears to be by no means frequent in collections. I examined
a pair from the Zambesi (the types of Amina) in the Hewitson Collection, and
the British Museum also possesses a $ taken by the late Mr. E. C. Buxton in
Swaziland. In the North-West Transvaal, on the Limpopo and Marico, the
butterfly seems to be not very rare, Mr. E. C. Selous having forwarded four $ s
and a 5 from thence, and also a $ from the Makloutze River within the Tropic.
Mr. T. Ayres' collection contained a $ (now in the South-African Museum),
captured " between the Limpopo and Zambesi."

Celimene and Pholoe constitute a singular section of Teracolus, wliich, as
Mr. Butler {loc. cit.) has pointed out, is less isolated than it appeared to be
since the discovery in Somaliland of the beautiful 2\ prceclanis, Butl. (loc. cit.,
p. 769, pi. xlvii. f. 7, $ ). The ^ of this species is on the upper side very like
the (J Celimene, but has the purple-red patch even larger, while the $ presents
in the equally large black apical patch a central lake-red macular band and six
small hind-marginal spots of the same colour. On the under side, however,
though the pattern of the fore-wings is not widely different from that shown
by Celimene, in the hind-wings the absence of red neuration and of the strise,
and the presence of a brownish discal band and of reddish-ochreous colouring
beyond it, exhibit more resemblance to the splendid T. Zoe, Grandidier, of
Madagascar. The under-side colouring and pattern in Celimene and Plwlo'e
combine to some extent the features of the very different T. Eulimene, Klug,
from Dongola, and T. Vesta, Reiche, while the upper side presents no likeness
to that of either of those species.

^ Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1SS5, p. 770) regards the diagnosis of Wallengren's
Pholoe as relating to the ? ; but it is clear to me that the description of the apical patch,
" maculis biseriatis rubris violaceo-micantibus, lineolisque marginalibus flavis," can only
apply to the i .

i6o SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Localities of Tcracolus Cdimcne.

I. South Africa.

G. Swaziland.— The late E. G. Buxton.

K. Transvaal. — Limpopo and INIarico Rivers {F. C. Selous).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

^i. Eastern Interior. — Makloutze River (F. C. Selous). Between
Limpopo and Zambesi Rivers (T. Ayres). Zambesi. — Coll.
Hewitson.

B. Xorth Tropical.

bi. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia." — Lucas.

293. (29.) Teracolus Vesta, Reiclie.

Idmais Vesta, Reiche, Ferr. et Gal., Voy. Abyss., iii. p. 463, pi. xxxi. ff.
7, 8 (1849).
,, ,, Hopff., Peters' Reise nach Mossamb., Ins., p. 361 (1862).

Var. Teracolus argillaceus, Butl., Ann. and ]Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th Ser., xix.

P- 459> 11- 3 (1877)-
Idmais Vesta, Stand., Exot. Schmett, i. pi. 23 (1884).

Exp. al, (^) I in. 7-9I lin. ; ($) I iu. 7^-10! lin.

$ Deep cream colour, inclining sometimes to a slightly pinh, sometimes
to an oclirey-yellow tint ; bordered and transversely handed %vith Uacic ;
hasal areas ivhitc, near tliorax more or less clouded with Uuish-grey ;
neuration beyond middle blacJc-clouded in both loings. Fore-wing : basal
bluish-grey variable in extent, covering from one-third to two-thirds
of discoidal cell, so that white area beyond (extending to extremity of
cell and to a little before middle inner-marginally) is wider or narrower
accordingly ; costa blackish-edged, but covered as far as end of cell by
basal bluish-grey ; a broad large elongated slightly-curved terminal
disco-cellular black marking, superiorly touching costal blackish ; black
nervular clouding only failing on lower radial nervule ; a highly irre-
gular discal black band, strongly sinuated both superiorly and mesial) y,
broad superiorly and inferiorly, but rather thin in its middle sinuation
(on median nervules), runs from costa to inner margin ; a broad black
hind-marginal border, marked externally by six short inter-nervular
linear marks of the ground-colour, and internally more or less intimately
united with discal band by the black-clouded nervules, so as to enclose
eight unequal spots of the ground-colour (the four upper smaller than
the four lower ones). liind-wing : basal bluish-grey variable in extent,
sometimes so wide as to obliterate the white usually present beyond it ;
about middle of costa commences a transverse black band of variable
width, both internally and externally rather irregularly dentate on
nervules, extending almost to submedian nervure, not far before anal
angle ; a broad hind-marginal black border as in fore- wing, but with
seven external spots (not streaks) of the gi'ound-colour, and so united

riErjx.E. i6i

with central black band by cloucled nervules as to enclose a regular
series of eight elongate ground-colour spots (the first and the last two
much smaller than the rest). Under side. — lUnd-vnnfj and ainml
hind-margined area of fore-wing mlphur-yelloiu, ivilh ferruginous-red
stripes and nervular clouding. Fore-iving : ivarm ochreous-yelloiu icith a
tinge of orange; no basal grey or white or costal blackish, but costa
near base bordered with sulphur-yellow ; terminal disco-cellular black
mark much narrower than on upper side ; discal band reduced, sub-
raacular or even macular, near costa ferruginous-red ; hind-marginal
border reduced to a thin ferruginous streak, and ferruginous nervules
marking off a hind-marginal series of large sulphur-yellow spots, except
towards its lower extremity, where it is blackish with only a minute
external ochre-yellow spot ; upper four of spots between hind-marginal
border and discal band sulphur-yellow. Ilind-v)ing : central band
and inner side of hind-marginal border ferruginous-red, the nervules
clouded with the same colour, uniting them and serving to separate
seven hind-marginal sidphur-yellow spots, all very large and rounded
except a linear one at apex ; before middle, from costal nervure, a
narrow irregularly-dentate ferruginous-red transverse streak, bounded
outwardly by disco-cellular nervule, and becoming obsolete a little below
it ; costa rather widely edged with orange-yellow to middle ; from base
four longitudinal streaks of orange-yellow, viz., a very short one below
costal nervure, a short one to extremity of cell, a very long one between
median and submedian nervures (extending to end of central band),
and a rather short one just below submedian nervure.

$ Like $, hut ground-colour duller cLiidpcdcr (csjKcicdbj in hind-u-ing),
and sometimes creamy-ichitisJi or almost white; hlack markings usually
not so darh ; hind-marginal fore-vjing streaks and hind-wing spots ochrcy-
yelloto, iisually larger {especially in hind-iviyig). Fore-wing : basal bluish-
grey wider and duller, rarely leaving any white beyond it ; terminal
disco-cellular mark broader (in some specimens superiorly radiating
towards base). Under side. — As in ^.

Variety A. $ and $ {T. argillaceus, Butl.).

Exp. al, ($) I in. 6-8^ lin. ; (?) i in. 8^ lin.

$ Smaller ; all the black markings much narrow^er ; hind-marginal
spots of both wings larger, and those of fore-wing much less elongate.
Under side. — Hind-wing and apical hind-marginal area of fore-wing
completely suffused with dull creamy-reddish, the usual sulphur-yellow
spots being obliterated and the ferruginous stripes represented by dull
ashy-grey.

$ As in ^, but the under-side suffusion much paler and tinged
with pale-greyish.

{Hal. — Natal and Transvaal.)

A dwarf ^ of the type-form, from the interior of Natal, expands
only I in. 4 lin., and a dwarf $, from the Upper Limpopo, the same.

Boisduval {App. to Voy. de Deleg. dans VAfriqux Aust., p. 588,
VOL. III. h

1 62 SOUTH- AFRIC AX BUTTERFLIES.

1847) mentioned ^^ Iclmais Vesta, Boisd,, iued.," as having been figured
in Doubleday and Westwood's " Genera" (pi, 7, f. 5) as tlie $ of Chry-
sonomc, King (Si/rnh. Phys., t. vii. if. 9-1 l). I accordingly described
(^Rhoj). A/r. Aust., i. p. 62, n. 41, 1862) the British Museum specimens
(from Congo), from which the " Genera "' figure was taken, as probably
Vesta, Boisd. Mr. W. F. Kirby, in 1869, pointed out to me that
Doubleday 's butterfly was quite distinct both from Clirysonome, Klug,
and also from the Abyssinian Vesta, E-eiche {op. cit., supra), and in his
Synonymic Catalogue (1871) he gave the species the name of Idmais
Hewitsoni. I subsequently found, however, that Hopffer had previously
{Peters' Beisc n. Mossamhique, pp. 362—363, 1862) done the same, but
had named Doubleday's species /. Douhledayi.

Vesta, Keiche, described from Abyssinian specimens, is unquestion-
ably identical with the South-African examples here described. It
may at once be distinguished from the Congo ally {Douhledayi, Hopffer)
by its conspicuous black central band across the upper side of the hind-
wings, but the other black markings are very similar, Douhledayi hold-
ing an intermediate position between Vesta and the much smaller and
duller Clirysonome, Klug, with dusky almost unmarked upper side of
hind-wings, from Dongola.^

I find that the basal white of the upper side (in conjunction with
a yellower general ground-colour) is usually more developed in ^ speci-
mens from tracts within or near the Southern Tropic than in those
inhabiting Natal ; the palest $ s also (some nearly white) come from
the same tracts.

The Variety A. is linked to the type-form by ^ s and a % from the
Tugela Eiver and Delagoa Bay, in which the under-side colouration is
dull and suffused, and the crossing bands grey, but the reddish tint not
decided. Colonel Bowker, on 30th July 1878, took at the mouth of
the Tugela a very pronounced ^ of the variety in company with the %
of the intermediate form. This dull creamy-reddish suffusion of the
under side appears to be a tendency widely prevalent throughout the
greater part of the genus Teracolus.

I only once fc4I in with this species during my stay in Natal, on the 12th
March 1867, at a spot of limited extent in the rough thorny country called
the " Dooms," near Greytown, where I took several specimens about flowers at
a steep bank by the roadside. It Avas very conspicuous on the wing, and but for
the roughness of the rocky ground would have been easy to capture, not flying
at all swiftly At the end of March 1880, Colonel Bowker took several exam-
ples near the junction of the Mooi and Tugela Rivers, and, on 2d April, the
sexes in copula. All these examples were of the type-form, and the ^ and $
taken paired were both noticeable for the heaviness of their black markings on
the upper side. IMr. John L. Fry brought me specimens taken in the interior
at the Makloutse River on the 20th April, and at Tati on the 20th May 1887.

^ Mr. Butler records this species as also inhabiting Somaliland. See Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1885, p. 768.

riERIN.E. 163

Localities of Tcracolus Vesta.

I. South Africa.

E. Natal.

a. Coast Districts.— Mouth of Tugela River (/. //. Bowker.—^wh-

typ. and Var. A.). Greytown.— Typ. Weciieii County (/. M.

Hutchinson. — Typ. and Var. A.). Between Tugela and Mooi

Rivers (/. H. Bowlier. — Typ.).
O. Swaziland.— (The late E. G. Buxton.— Tj]). and Var. A.).
II. Delagoa Bay. — Lourenro Marques (3Irs. Monteiro. — Typ. and Sub-

typ-)-

K. Transvaal- Eydenburg District {T. Aijres.—T)-\\ and ^Var. A.).
Limpopo River {F. C. Selous),

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. AVestern Coast. — Damaraland (/. A. Bell. — Typ.).

I. Eastern Coast. — " Querimba."— Hopffer. — Sub-typ. and Var. A.
" j\Iombasa." — Staudinger.

bi. Eastern Interior.— Lotsani River, Tchakani Vley, and Tati (F. 0.
Selous. — Typ.). Makloutse River (J. L. Fry. — Typ.). Zam-
besi {Rev. H. i?ty«:^e//.— Typ.);— "Tette."— Hopffer.

B. North Tropical.

hi. Eastern Interior.—" Abyssinia." — Reiche. " Shoa {Antinori)."
— Oberthiir.

Genus COLIAS.

Colias, Fabricius, " Illiger's Mag., vi. p. 284 (1S07)."

„ Latreille, Enc. Meth., ix. p. 10 (18 19).
Eurymus, Swainson, Zool. Illustr., 2nd Ser., ii. pi. 60 (1S31-32).
Colias, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 633 (1836).

„ Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 72 (1847).

„ Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 70 (1862).

,, (revision), Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 133, and
1884, p. I.

Imago. — Head of moderate size, scaly, densely clothed with hair,
especially frontally, where there is a large projecting tuft ; iialpi rather
short, compressed, densely scaled, clothed beneath with moderately long
fine hairs ; basal and middle joints about equal in length, terminal
joint extremely small and short, not acute ; antcnnw short, stout,
straight, with a very gradually formed cylindrical club, truncate at tip.

Tliorax rather stout, densely clothed with hair, which is long and
silky above (especially posteriorly). Fore-wings rather truncate ; costa
almost straight beyond basal curve ; apex marked, but not acute ;
costal nervure very stout, ending considerably beyond middle ; subcostal
nervure four-branched, — first nervule long, given off not far beyond
middle of discoidal cell, — second not so long, given off at, or a little
(or, rarely, a good way) beyond, extremity of discoidal cell, — third
short, ending on costa just before apex, — fourth short, ending on hind-
margin a little below apex ; upper radial united to subcostal nervure.

1 64 SOUTH-AFRICAX BUTTERFLIES.

usually about midway between forking of third and fourth nervules
and extremity of cell, but sometimes much nearer the latter ; upper
disco-cellular nervule very short, slightly oblique, sometimes a little

curved lower one long, arched, occasionally angulated ; discoidal

cell short, less than half length of wing, moderately wide, truncate at
extremity. Hind-tiings rather bluntly sub-ovate ; costa moderately
arched ; anal angle rather pronounced ; convex inner-margins forming
a o-roove covering three-fourths of abdomen ; first subcostal nervule
arched, given otf some distance before extremity of cell ; upper disco-
cellular nervule of moderate length, straight, oblique, — lower one con-
siderably longer, angulated above its middle point ; internal nervure
rather long, ending at some distance beyond middle ; ^ (in the Eclusa
group) with an elongate-ovate patch or badge of small, closely-set,
elevated scales near base, just above subcostal nervure. Legs rather
short and stout, scaly ; femora with long and rather sparse hair be-
neath ; middle and hind tibiae finely and sparsely spinulose beneath,
their terminal spurs of moderate size ; tarsi finely spinulose generally,
their claws very deeply bifid, without paronychia.

Abdomen rather short, compressed but not very slender.

This very compact and well-defined genus (of which the well-
known " Clouded Yellows " of Europe are typical) consists of a limited
number — variously estimated at from twenty-six to forty- eight — of
species, very closely allied, and mainly characteristic firstly of the
Pala3arctic, and secondly of the Nearctic Eegions. Several species are
circumpolar in the Northern Hemisphei'e, and the majority is in tem-
perate regions limited to high alpine tracts. It seems most probable
that Colias is one of the groups which was of very wide and general
prevalence during the last glacial period, but has since in tropical
regions been compelled to retreat to the mountains. Though extend-
ing all through America, from the extreme north (Gi'innel Land) to
Cape Horn, it is confined to the Andes in the great tropical belt ; and
in the Oriental Region only appears on the Himalayan boundary, with
the exception of an isolated species on the Nilghiris in Southern India.
Tropical Western Africa has yielded no representative of the genus,
but South Africa has one exceedingly common and generally distri-
buted species (Ekdra, Linn.), a very close ally of the European Edusa.
The latter is abundant on the African shores of the Mediterranean,
and Elcctra is recorded by M, Oberthiir as having occurred in Shoa on
the Abyssinian plateau, while Mr, Godraan has noted the occurrence of
a Colias (referred by him to Edusa) among Mr. Johnston's captures on
Kilima-njaro.

These butterflies ai'e orange, orange-yellow, sulphur-yellow, or
yellowish-white above, with a more or less developed blackish border,
a black terminal disco-cellular spot in the fore-wings, and a larger
orange one in the hind- wings ; beneath, they are of a paler yellow,
always more or less tinged with green ; their antennEe and legs and

riERIN/E. 165

wing-cilia are pinkisli-rcd. Thcro is in many of llie decper-orango
species a beautiful ros}- and violaceous gloss, bettor shown in the $.
The $ is constantly paler and duller than the $, and in the largest
(Edusa) group alone possesses yellow spots in the border of the fore-
Avino-s ; she also, in the same group, usually presents a second white
or very pale form, with in some instances individuals intermediate
between this and her normal colouring. In some of the Arctic forms
greenish colouring pervades the upper as well as the under surface
of the wings ; and the blackish border is very faint, and in the ^
evanescent.-^

In rJiopaloccra Africce AustraUs I included, on what appeared
to be good authority, C. ILjale (Linn.), in the South-African list ; but,
as no properly authenticated specimen has ever since been brought to
notice in any part of the country, I feel convinced that some error
(perhaps the old one of confusing Ilyah with the pale form of the $
Eihisa or Ulcdra) must have led to Mr. Layard's belief that he and
other collectors had taken Ilijcdc in South Africa. It is at the same
time to be noticed that M. C. Oberthiir records this species as among
the late Marquis Antinori's captures in 1879-81 in Shoa, Abyssinia.

294. (1.) Colias Electra, (Linuffiiis).

Papilio Electra, Linn., Syst. Nat., i. 2, p. 764, n. loi (1767).

S 9 Papilio Ilyale, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv. pi. cccli. ff. e, f [ (^ ], g, 11 [ ? ],

(1782).
Var. ? Pajnlio Pahmo, Cram., ojh cit., pi. cccxl. ff. a. b.

(J 9 9 Var. Colias Eledra, Godt., Enc. Meth., ix. p. 102, n. 39 (1S19).

S 9 9 Var. Colias Electra, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 637, 11. 3 (1836).

^ Colias Edtisina, Feld., " Wien. Ent. Monatschr., iv. p. 100, n. 55
(i860)."

S 9 9 Vak. Colias Electra, Trim., Ehop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 71, n. 47 (1862).
Larva and Pupa, Trim., oj). cit., ii. p. 332, pi. i, IF. 2, 2a (1866).

Rc2). al, Q) I in. 9 lin.— 2 in. 2 lin. ; (?) I in. S^ lin.— 2 in.
3 liu.

^ BcejJ clirome-ycUow, inclinivg to orange, glossed ivitli a ]_nnk lustre
in certain lights ; with hroad hlacJv hands on hind-margins. Fore-wing :
base very narrowly blackish; an ovate, usually rather narrow, black
spot at extremity of discoidal cell; hind-marginal band broadest at
apex, irregularly dentate on nervules on its internal edge, dusted with
pale-yellow scales, some of the nervules crossing it near apex being also
pale-yellow, Ilind-tcing : base blackish, extending along median and
submedian nervures ; costa and inner-margin pale yellowish-green ; a
large, rounded, deep orange disco-cellular spot ; hind-marginal black

1 The opposite extreme in this last character is reached in the very remarkable species
C. WislotU, Staudr., from Samarkand, the 6 of which has the black border in both wings
occupying all the outer area from a little beyond the end of the discoidal cell. (See Berl.
L'ntom. Zeitschr., 1882, p. 166, t. ii. H. g S , 10 ?.)

1 66 SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

band narrower than in fore-wmff, irregularly dentate on nervules on its
inner edge, gradually diminishing as far as first median nervule, where
it ends ; a clothing of pale-yellow hairs on the dusky portion of wing
near base and inner margin ; yellow field generally more or less finely
irrorated with blackish. Under side. — Fore-iving : pale ochreous-
yellow, almost cream-colour on inner margin ; costa rather narrowly
from base, and bi'oad hind-marginal border, of a lighter or darker
greenish-yellow ; disco-cellular spot black and conspicuous ; along inner
edge of hind-marginal band, and marking its separation from the yellow
ground-colour, is a row of sub-triangular dusky-blackish spots, com-
mencing on costa (wi the hind-marginal band), with some ferruginous-
blackish, often half-obsolete spots, but below third median nervule,
where the band narrows, marking its internal edge. Hind-ioing :
wholly of the same greenish-yellow as border of forc-icing : disco-
cellular spot bright silvery in a ferruginous ring, usually with a
smaller, similar, but duller spot touching its upper edge ; near hind-
margin, and parallel to it (as if continuous of the transverse row in
fore-wing), a row of seven more or less conspicuous ferruginous spots,
commencing with a rather larger spot on costa, and extending to
immediately above submedian nervure.

$ Ground-colour much the same as in $, sometimes rather darker,
the finh, lustre much fainter ; hind-marginal hands sjjotted ivith yellow.
Fore-iving : basal blackish much broader than in ^, shading off into
dusky-greenish, which extends along costa to hind-marginal band and
to before middle of inner margin ; disco-cellular spot rounder and
usually rather larger ; hind-marginal band usually rather broader and
blacker, containing six or seven sidphur-yclloio spots, five of which form
a curved row near apex, from costa to third median nervule (the first
three of these are elongate, the two others rounded) ; another, always
present, between second and first median nervules ; and the seventh
spot, generally indistinct, and often wanting, immediately below first
median nervule. Hind-wing : wholly suffused with dusky-greenish ;
disco-cellular orange spot more conspicuous than in $ ; hind-marginal
black band not so dark as in fore-wing, not well-defined on its inner
edge, in some specimens extending almost to submedian nervure, in
others only to second median nervule, often spotless, but sometimes con-
taining on its inner side from three to five pale-yellow spots (those
nearer anal angle becoming merged with the ground-colour). Undeii
SIDE. — Usually somewhat deeper in colour. Fore-wing : ochreous-yellow
ground-colour darker, not paler, on inner margin. Hind-wing : trans-
verse row of ferruginous spots not so conspicuous. In both sexes,
down on forehead and front of thorax, antenna), legs, and costal edges
of a reddish-pinh colour ; fringes varied with pink above, wholly pink
beneath.

Dimorphic form of %. — Orange-yellow ground-colour replaced hy greyish-
white. Fore-iving : dusky-grey suff'usion from base forms a conspicuous

riERIN.E. 167

basal patch, abruptly eiuluig a little before extremity of discoidal cell;
tlisco-cellular spot often much larger than in ordinary specimens ; spots
in hind-marginal band conspicuous for their vldtcncss. Hincl-wivg : the,
whole or greater fart si/ fused witli grey ; disco-cellular spot whitish,
centred with yellowish ; hind-marginal spots in band whitish, variable
in distinctness. Under side. — Fore-idng: basal portion, costa to beyond
middle, and all but apical portion of hind-marginal band, Jjluish grey ;
apical portion of band dull greenish-yellow or yellowish-green ; black
spots as in ordinary specimens. Hind-wing : marked as usual, but of
the same dull mixture of yellow and green as apical colouring of fore-
wing. Antenna, legs, margins, and fringes jnWu, as in the common
examples.^

Larva. — Attenuated posteriorly ; slightly and thinly pubescent.
Yellowish-green, closely irrorated with darker atoms. Along centre of
back, from head to tail, a dark-green streak ; on each side of back
an ill-defined yellow streak, shading above into the pale-green. On
each side, touching yellow streak, a bi'oad dark-green band, edged
inferiorly by a conspicuous pure-white or yellowish-white narrow stripe
above spiracles. Head granulated, clothed with very short pale hairs.

Pupa. — Attached invariably head uppermost. Pale-green, semi-
transparent, darker anteriorly. Prominences of head and back of thorax
rather obtuse ; outline of wings projecting in a convex ridge below
breast. A dark-green dorsal line. Median lateral line of frontal pro-
minences marked wath a black streak inferiorly edged with greenish-
5'ellow ; inner-marginal edge of wing-cases also defined with blackish.
On each side of abdomen a yellowish-white stripe ; below this, touching
hind-raargin of wing-covers, a short abruptly-ending black streak.

The larvte were found in May, feeding on Vicia sativa (lucerne).
The pupa state continued from eighteen to twenty-three days, but this
was in the beginning of winter.

Except in size and in the width of the hind-marginal border
(especially in the fore-wing), the ^ Electra varies very little ; but the
$ exhibits many variations in tint of ground-colour and development of
the basal blackish space in the fore-wing, leading in the direction
of the white form above described, which is figured by Cramer as
PidcrMo.

Very small examples of both sexes are often met with ; a ^ in my
own collection expands only i in. 5-^ lin., and a % in the South- African
Museum only I in. 4 lin.

The pale form of ^, though not rare, is very much scarcer than the
orange-yellow one.

Electra is nearly related to the well-known European C. Edusa,

' Mr. Miischler {Verli. K.K. ZooL-Bot. Gesdhcli. Wicn, 1883, p. 279) states that I in
error described this form of the ? as Hyale, L. That I did not do so will be evident on
reference to my Rhojt. Afr. Aust., i. p. 72, where the pale " Var. 9 " of Electra is described,
and p. 74, where the true Ilyale is fully described in reference to some reputed South-African
specimens.

i6S SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

Fab., but is distinguislied by its deeper ground-colour and strong rosy
gloss, as well as by the longer and sharper inward nervular dentations
of the hind-marginal border of the fore-wings ; the ^, too, is almost
always more marked with dusky suffusion at the base of the fore-wings,
and has the hind-marginal border of the hind-wings blacker and better
defined. In all these characters, except the more sharply-dentated
inner edge of the hind-marginal border, Elcdra is more allied to the
Himalayan C. Ficldii, Menet., a species remarkable for the large size
of the black disco-cellular spot of the fore-wings, which is on the under
side (and in one ^ more faintly on the upper side also) centred with
silvery-white. The larva of Elcdra dift'ers from the descriptions and
figures of that of Edusa known to me by possessing more conspicuous
and defined longitudinal stripes of dark and light green, and by want-
ing altogether the conspicuous orange spots on the lateral white or
yellowish-white streak.

The ^ deposits her eggs singly, each on a separate leaflet of
lucerne, clover, or trefoil.^ The egg is very pale-yellow, very elon-
gate, sub-cylindrical, slightly fluted longitudinally ; it is attached by
the broader extremity only, so as to stand erect, the smaller free end
being subcorneal.

This Collas seems distributed throughout South Africa ; it is ahuost every-
where abundant, and flies throughout the year, but is more prevalent in the
summer months. On the wing it is less swift than Edusa, and much less so
than Hyale. Some of the duller-tinted $ s, especially if somewhat worn, look
very dingy in contrast to tlieir brilliant mates. I have frequently taken the
paired sexes, and Colonel Bowker took them at Isipingo in Natal, but in no
case that has come under my notice was tlie $ of the white form. The most
northern localities for the species known to me are Damaraland on the west
and the Upper Limpopo on the north-west border of the Transvaal; but
according to Oberthlir, it was met with by Antinori in Abyssinia, and I
think it not improbable that the specimens taken by ]\Ir. H. H. Johnston in
Kilima-njaro — referred by Mr. Godman (P. Z. S. L., 1885, p. 540) to C. Edum
— were actually Eledra.

Localities of Colias Elcdra.

I. South Africa.
B. Cape Colony.

a. Western Districts. — Cape Town. Ookiep, Namaqualand District
{L. Peringueij). Stellenbosch. Wellington and Paarl. Vogel
Vley and Ceres, Tulbagh District. Robertson. Swellendani
(Z. Taat><). Van ^Vyk's Vley, Carnarvon District {E. G. Alston).
Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. Oudtshoorn ( — Adams).

h. Eastern Districts. — Uitenliage (6*. D. Bairstou'). " Port Eliza-
beth." — W. S. M. D'Urban. Grahamstown. Kowie River-
mouth (/. E Fry). King William's Town {W. D' Urban).
Windvogelberg, Queenstown District {Dr. Bathu). Murraysburg
(/. /. Muslcett). Colesberg {A. F. Ortlepij).

^ Mrs. Barber informs me that the food plants of the larva at Highlands, near Grahams-
town, are a species of Indii/nfcra, Trifolium BurchcUianum, and T. Africanum.

c. Griqualaiul West.—" Kimberley."— II. L. Felthaiu. Ileljron ( IT.

Montiit).

d. Basutoland. — Maseru (.7. //. Boiclicr).

C. Orange Free State. — IJloeiiifDuteiu {Dr. II. Exton).

D. Ivall'raria Proper.— IJutterworth ami Bashee Kiver (J. //. Boiclier).

St. John's lliver-moutli {Sir II. Barklij).
]<:. Natal.

a. Ccast Districts. — " Lower Umkomazi."— J. II. Bowker. Isi-

pingo (/. H. Boiclier). ^Mapumulo.

b. Upper Districts. — Uelland's Mission Station Ilermansburg.

Great Xoodsberg. Grey town. Pietermaritzburg. Estcourt (/.
M. IhUchinson). Kurkloof ( TF. Morant). Colenso ( IF. Morant).

F. Zululand. — Isandlhwana {J. II. Boicker). Etsbowe {A. M. Goodrich).

G. " Swaziland."— The late E. C. Buxton.

K. Transvaal. ^Potchefstroom District {T. Ayres). Upper Limpopo

River {F. C. Selous).
L. Bechuanaland. — Motito (the late Eeu, J. Fraloux).

II. Other African Regions.

A. South Tropical.

a. Western Coast. — Damaraland {J. A. Bell).

B. North Tropical.

hi. Eastern Interior. — "Abyssinia: Shoa {Antitiori)." — Oberthiir.

Genus ERONIA.

Eronia (Hiibner, in icon., 1S16-36), Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 604

(1836).
Dryas, Boisd., App. Voy. dc Delcg., ii. p. 588 (1S47).
Eronia, Doubl. [part], Gen. D. Lep., i. p. 64 (1847).
Nepheronia, Butl. [part], Cist. Ent., i. pp. 38 and 53 (1870).

Imago. — Head rather broad, clothed with dense, rather coarse, short
hair (longer in front) ; 'palpi very short, with long rough hair beneath,
— basal joint long and curved, middle one not half as long, terminal
joint minute and rounded ; antcnncv rather short and stout, with a
very gradually-formed almost cylindrical club, blunt and rounded at tip.

Thorax rather stout, densely clothed with fine hair, which is longer
and silky on back ; prothorax well marked, forming a short neck.
Forc-ivings with costa well marked ; apex well defined, sometimes
rather produced and subacute ; hind-margiu slightly concave below
apex, but prominent inferiorly ; subcostal nervure five-branched, — first
and second nervules given off near each other at two-thirds the length
of discoidal cell, the third short, given off either about midway between
end of cell and apex, or nearer the latter ; fourth and fifth also short,
the fourth ending at apex or just before it, the fifth a little below it ;
upper radial nervule originating at extremity of cell ; upper disco-
cellular nervule somewhat variable in length, curved or sub-angulated,
oblique inferiorly, — lower one much longer (twice, or nearly thrice),
also curved and slightly oblique ; submedian nervure sinuated before
middle ; discoidal cell about half, or a little more than half, the length

lyo SOUTH-AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

of wing, rather broad, truncate at extremity. Eind- wings large, rounded,
somewhat prolonged inferiorly ; costa variable in convexity ; hind-margin
entire, or (in Clcodora) moderately dentate ; costal nervure usually ex-
tendino- to apex, but in Leda ending at some distance before it ; first
subcostal nervule much arched, given off far before end of cell ; disco-
cellular nervules very oblique, — lower one more than twice, or nearly
thrice as lono- as upper, and strongly sinuated ; discoidal cell more than
half as lono- as wing, more or less acuminate inferiorly at extremity ;
abdominal channel formed by inner margins complete, but not deep.
Legs short, slender ; femora hairy inferiorly for more than half their
length from base ; tibife set with short appressed silky bristles, and
sparsely and finely spinulose beneath, — their terminal spurs very fine ;
tarsi rather thickly spinulose.

Abdomen rather long, deep, arched, clothed with long silky hair at

base.

I do not find ground for following Mr. Butler in limiting Eronia
to " E. Clcodora and the Lcda group," but would retain in it the other
African species, only separating from it the Asiatic and Austro-Malayan
species {Vakria, Cram., IIi2i2na, Fab., &c.), whose much longer abdo-
men, antennee, and fore-wings, as well as their totally diff'erent pattern
and facies, amply distinguish tliem.''

Eronia in general structure and neuration is near Tcracolus, differ-
ino-, however, in having the subcostal nervure of the fore- wings five-
(instead of four) branched, much smaller and blunter terminal joint of
palpi, and gradually formed, not flattened, club of antennae. In its
robuster body and gradually clavate antennae, and in outline of wings,
it exhibits some approach to Callidri/as (one species, E. Buqudii, in tint
and marking has quite the aspect of the pale species of that genus).

The seven or eight species which Eronia contains are good-sized
butterflies, and present remarkable differences in pattern and colouring,
the $ being in some instances highly variable and quite unlike the $.
The type of the genus is E. Clcodora, in which the sexes are alike
white or yellowish, with a sharply-defined black hind-marginal border,
and have the under side of the hind-wings creamy-yellow bordered and
spotted with mixed brown and silvery-grey. E. Leda (on which Bois-
duval founded his genus Drijas) is vivid-yellow, with a brilliant-orange
apical patch in the fore-wings, and looks like a magnified Tcracolus
Auxo ; and the Madagascar E. Lucasi, Grandidier, is white with a
lemon-yellow apical patch. The males in E. Argia and Thalassina are
greenish-white and greenish respectively, with black borders, but their
females are coloured with ochre-yellow and orange-red in imitation of
certain species of Picris and Mylothris. Both sexes of E. Biiqucfii are
alike of a plain greenish-white, with a blackish apical hind-marginal

' The (J s of this group are bluish or bluish-white, with black border and neuration, and
the ? s, by a modification of these markings, closely mimic various species of Danais. (See
Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Land., 1867 (voL iv ), p. 309.)

PIERIX.F. 171

border of exceedingly variaLlo devolopmenl", and their under side has a
shining dull-greenish tint, with a terminal disco-cellular spot in tlie
hind-wings, so that specimens with scarcely any blackish border look
very like Callidryas Florclla. E. Pilaris (which I have not had the
opportunity of examining) is described by Doubleday {op. cit., p. 65)
as having " the wings nearly as round as the genus Poiitia, and of as
delicate a texture ; the apex of the anterior just touched above with
black, below varied with brown ; the posterior wings above immaculate,
below sometimes nearly immaculate, at others varied with large clouds
of satiny-brown and silvery- white."

The four species found in South Africa all have a tropical range,
Argia and Buquetii both inhabiting alike the East and West Coasts,
while Lecla and Cleodora, with an extensive East-African distribution,
do not appear to have been hitherto recorded from West Africa. They
are all found on the south-east, Leda and Argia not spreading farther
south-westward than the Bashee Eiver, but Clcodora extending to Van
Staden's River, and Buquctii to Knysna, and even straggling to Cape
Town. On the wing they are decidedly swift, but constantly check
their onward flight to visit flowers.

The larva of E. Clcodora has been found on Capparis Zeylicri, but
I have not seen either specimens or drawings of it.

295. (1.) Eronia Cleodora, Hiibner.

$ Eronia Clcodora, Hiibn., Samnil. Exot. Schmett., ii. pi, 130 (1806 ?).

„ ,, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep., i. p. 605. n. i (1836).

$ ,, „ Doubl., Gen. D. Lep., i. pi. ix. f. i (1847).

^ $ „ ,, Trim., Rhop. Afr. Aust., i. p. 64, n. 43 (1862).

$ ,, „ Hewits., Exot. Butt., iv pi. 5, f. 7 (1867).

(J Eronia Erxia, Hewits., oj). cit., p. 8
(J Eronia Cleodora, Stand., Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 21 (1884).

Exp. al, {$) 2 in. 2-7^ lin. ; ($) 2 in. 6-9 lin.

^ White, yellowish-white, or pale-yellowish, tvith a black hind-mar-
ginal border, variable in ividth and irregular on its inner edge. Fore-
wing : base usually marked very faintly and narrowly with blackish ;
hind-marginal border varying from very narrow to broad, — wide apically,
rather abruptly narrowed on third median nervule, and thence either
tapering to a point or to a narrower or broader termination (in accord-
ance with the less or greater width of the border) to posterior angle ;
inner edge very variable and irregular in outline, generally more or
less denticulate on nervules and excavate between them, — always a
very marked and conspicuous prominence or projection (rounded, sub-
acute, or truncate) immediately above third median nervule ; in apical
extremity of border two spots of the ground-colour, — a small one
between second and third subcostal nervules, and a larger one (nearer
apex) between fifth subcostal and upper radial nervules. Hind-icing :

172 SOUTH- AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES.

liind-margiual border varying in width in accordanco with that of
fore-wing, attenuated to a point at apex and anal angle, its inner
edo-e irreo"ularly dentate on uervules, and almost alwaj's exhibiting a
considerable projection (extremely variable in size and shape) between
second subcostal and radial uervules. Cilia mixed brownish and
whitish in fore-wing ; whitish or yellowish in hind-wing. Under
SIDE, — Fore-wing : liind-marginal horder internalli/ hIacJdsh, but exter-
nally silvery-grey stippled and clouded 'with ferrnginous, which consti-
tutes an outer border wide superiorly, and tapering to a point about
first median nervule, and is bounded superiorly by a costal-apical
creamy-yellow or ochrey-yellow irregular marking, the inner edge
of which corresponds with the position of the two white or yellowish
spots of the upper side. Hind-iving : creamy or ochrcous yelloiu ;
Idnd-marginal larder silvery-grey, more or less densely stippled and
clouded ivitli ferruginous or ferruginous-lroiun ; inner edge of border
more irregular than on upper side, and sharply defined by a ferruginous-
brown line, — the inward projection between second subcostal and radial
nervules always narrower and longer, almost always extending as far as
third median nervule a little beyond extremity of discoidal cell, and
thence often prolonged by some ferruginous scaling so as to join an irre-
gular compound double spot of the same colouring between first median
nervule and submedian nervure ; close to inner edge of border (and often
so united with it as to enclose a small spot of the ground-colour), be-
tween first and second median nervules, an elongate grey-and-ferru-
giuous spot ; ^ a larger irregular elongate mark, of the same colouring,
on costa a little before middle, ending on first subcostal nervule ; two
small rounded spots near base, one in cell and the other below it ; and
a still smaller terminal disco-cellular spot.

$ Like $, hut liind-marginal horder broader (especially about poste-
rior angles), of a rctther duller hlacJc, and its inner edge more irregular,
emitting {especially on second and first median nervules of fore-wing and
third median nervule of himl-wing) much larger and deeper dentations ;
the principal projection in fore- wing less prominent (owing to width
of lower half of border) and excavated at extremity, and that in hind-
wing very much broader and more truncate. Under side. — As in
$, but the grey of the markings not silvery, the ferruginous-brown
darker, the lesser markings of the hind-wing often smaller, and the
great projection of the hind-wing border not united to the spot below
first median nervule by ferruginous scaling.

The $ varies very greatly in the development of the black border.
Specimens like that figured by Hiibner, with a rather narrow border,
are frequently met with ; while not only are numerous gradations found
up to and beyond as broad a border as that figured by Doubleday
(wliich Hewitson, op. cit., proposed to separate as E. Erxia), but instances
are not rare of ^ s with very much narrower borders than Hiibner

^ This marking is rarely (two examples) reproduced in black on the upper side.

riERlN.E. 173

depicts. In these examples the subapical spots of the ground-colour
iu the fore-wings are almost invariably larger than usual, and are often
so extended as to become confluent, thus forming as large a marking
as that shown in yellow on the under side. The extreme in this direc-
tion is reached in an individual sent from King William's Town by
Miss F. Bowker, where the confluent spots make a small apical patch,
broadly bounded by black inwardly, but inferiorly completely united
with the ground-colour, and the hind-margin bears only a narrow
blackish edging; while in the hind-wing the border is reduced to a
series of quite separate ill-defined tliin nervular fuscous marks with a
small separate spot indicating the customary marked projection.

The $ is not nearly so frequently met with as the ^ ; among fifty-
five specimens, from all parts of South Africa, now before me, only
eight are ^ s. In a pair taken in copuld by Colonel Bowker in March
1879, the sexes do not difler much either in size or pattern, the white
$ being the broadest-bordered that I have seen, while the yellowish $
is of medium character in that respect.

A dwarf very narrowly-bordered $, taken at D'Urban, Natal, by the
late Mr. M. J. M'Ken, expands less than i in. 10 lin. In this example
the subapical spots of the fore-wing border are normal, but the hind-
wing border has its inner edge quite even.

Hopffer {Peters' Eeise n. Mossamh., Ins., p. 363) and Oberthur
{Etudes tVEnt., iii. p. 21) independently note the large size and broad
border of East -African examples (respectively from Querimba and
Zanzibar) in comparison with those from South Africa ; it is probable
that they both refer to specimens of the $.

Mrs. Barber wrote to me that the larva of this species fed on a Capparis,^
and subsequently Mr. J. P. INIansel AVeale informed me that Capparis Zej/heri
was the fo